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A METHOD 



INCREASING THE YIELD OF THE MILCH-COW, 



SELECTING TEE PROPER ANIMALS FOR THE DAIRY; 



ACCORDING TO 



GUENON'S DISCOVERY. 

TESTED AND VERIFIED BY MANY YEARS OF OBSERVATION AND 
OF EXPERIMENTS. 

IMPROVED AND SIMPLIFIED, AS CLASSIFIED AND ARRANGED, 

BY JOHN NEFFLEN, 

PRACTICAL AGRICULTURIST SINCE 1815. MEMBER OF TWO GERMAN STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, 

AND OF THREE DISTRICT SOCIETIES J FORMERLY EDITOR OF THE FIELD AND GARDEN 

MAGAZINE, AND AUTHOR OF A MANUAL ON DOMESTIC ECONOMV. 

ffiBitij St&crttn-jeijjfjt Illustrations. 



L| 




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13 



A METHOD 



INCREASING THE YIELD OF THE MILCH-COW, 



SELECTING THE PROPER ANIMALS FOR THE MIRY; 



ACCORDING TO 



GUENON'S DISCOVERY. 



TESTED AND VERIFIED BY MANY YEARS OF OBSERVATION AND 
OF EXPERIMENTS. 



IMPROVED AND SIMPLIFIED, AS CLASSIFIED AND ARRANGED, 



BY JOHN NEFFLEN, 

rEACTICAL AGRICULTURIST SINCE 1815. MEMBER OF TWO GERMAN STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, 

AND OF THREE DISTRICT SOCIETIES J FORMERLY EDITOR OF THE FIELD AND GARDEN 

MAGAZINE, AND AUTHOR OF A MANUAL ON DOMESTIC ECONOMY. 



tit?) jgtbents-tnjfit Illustrations. 



PHILADELPHIA: 
C. B. ROGERS, No. 29 Market Street; 

AND FOR SALE BT 

LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO, AND CO., 

No. 14 NORTH FOURTH STREET. 

18 5 3. 



cC 3 > 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by 

C. B. ROGERS, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



At the request of Mr. John Nefflin, author of the 
present treatise, a Committee was appointed by the 
Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, 
for the purpose of testing the truth of Guenon's sys- 
tem, as simplified and arranged by Mr. Nefflin. The 
mode of investigation pursued by the Committee is de- 
tailed in the following report, which, by an extract from 
the proceedings of the Society given below, it will be 
seen was unanimously adopted. 

REPORT 

Of the Committee appointed to investigate the merits of Mr. 
John Nefflin s simplification of Guenons method of test- 
ing the value of milch cows. 

The Committee to whom was intrusted the exami- 
nation of Guenon's system, very respectfully offer the 
result of their proceedings. 

As the subject is one of great practical importance 
to the farmer, and no confidence in it can be created 
by vague generalities or isolated assertions on the part 
of those who may have given to it some attention, the 
Committee have endeavoured by personal observation 
to verify the published statements. The fortunate 
arrival in this country of a German farmer, Mr. 
Nefflin, has offered a most happy opportunity of 
developing the nature and character of Guenon's obser- 
vations, and the mode in which an adept in the science 
proceeds in his examinations. More than forty cows 
were examined by this gentleman in the presence of 
members of the Committee. All the remarks of Mr. 

(3) 



I 



(iv) 

Nefflin, all the questions and answers, were taken 
down at the moment by Mr. Arthur Cannon, phono- 
graphic reporter; and all his statements were com- 
pared with those of the owners of the cows. In this 
form and in this critical mode of proceeding, the Com- 
mittee thought it possible to remove every doubt they 
themselves or others might feel in the truth of the 
system, and be enabled to offer to the Society and the 
agricultural community a clear and truthful history of 
this interesting discovery. After a full and particular 
investigation, carried on in the most searching manner, 
and sharpened by incredulity, the Committee have no 
hesitation in giving their adhesion, and expressing 
their concurrence in the views of Guenon. The pre- 
cision and accuracy with which Mr. Nefflin describes 
the qualities of the animals, and the unhesitating 
manner in which he revealed all their properties, could 
not but impress the Committee with an entire reliance 
on his own skill, and a perfect confidence in the views 
of his teacher. 

Still, though the Committee have no hesitation in 
offering this opinion, as the matter is one of the utmost 
importance, they deem it proper to recommend that if 
there remain any doubt on the part of the Society, as 
to the clear and complete demonstration of the truth 
of Guenon's observations, or if there are individual 
members who hesitate to concede the point, that the 
examinations should be continued until all scepticism, 
as far as possible, be removed. 

A. L. Elwyn, 
George Blight, 
Isaac Newton, 
John Wilkinson, 
Samuel Williams, 
Samuel C. Ford. 



(v) 

The following certificates from Messrs. Ford and 
Wilkinson, whose cows were examined by Mr. Nefflin, 
are presented for the purpose of conveying to the 
reader a clear idea of the method of examination, and 
of removing any doubts that might exist in regard to 
the practical application of the theory by every farmer. 
When it is remembered that Mr. Nefflin had no prior 
knowledge of the character of the cows submitted to 
his inspection (being an entire stranger in the vicinity 
of Philadelphia), these testimonies from gentlemen of 
the highest respectability, furnish most conclusive 
evidence of the value of the discovery, and should at 
once commend it to the earnest attention of the agri- 
cultural community generally. 

MR. FORD'S STOCK. 

1st Cow. " Is a bastard of the 3d class, 2d order, and 
is an excellently made cow ; her milk is very rich, of 
which she will yield 16 qts., but she dries suddenly 
after becoming pregnant." 

I certify the above is a correct report of the 
qualities of the above cow. 

Samuel C. Ford. 

2d Cow. " Is a bastard of the 3d class, 2d order, and 
has no mark ; will calve about the 1st of March, a 
month prior to which time, she will suddenly decrease 
in her yield of milk ; when not in a state of pregnancy 
is a good milch cow." 

The same as regards this cow. 

Samuel C. Ford. 

3d Cow. " Is of the 4th class, 2d order ; the escutch- 
eon of the fork shape, though not so perfect as it ought 
to be; will give 15 or 16 qts. of milk; about 5 or 6 



' 



( vi) 

weeks after calving her yield is most plentiful ; her 
milk is very good." 

Correct in every respect. 

Samuel C. Ford. 

MR. WILKINSON'S COWS. 

No. 1. " Belongs to the 2d class, and 2d order, and 
will yield 16 to 18 qts. per day. She has not the two 
oval marks distinct, or she would rank first class. She 
will hold her milk up to the time of calving. 

No. 2. " Belongs to the 2d order, and 1st class, and 
would, if she was as large as No. 1, give 20 qts. of 
milk per diem, but as it is, should give 15 or 16 qts. 

No. 3. " Belongs to the 2d class and 3d order." The 
examiner here remarked that he supposed that Mr. 
W. had been near 20 years in getting his herd to such 
perfection, to which Mr. W. replied that he had not 
owned a cow in his dairy more than 2 years and 3 
months, but that he had selected them on this system. 

It is due to Mr. Wilkinson to say that the examiner, 
after he had examined all his cows, acknowledged that 
in all his long experience with cows, he had not in his 
whole life seen so large a number of such highly 
marked cows in any herd, as he found in Mr. W.'s 
herd of 8. Many other facts which must have been 
highly gratifying to Mr. W. were mentioned, but are 
necessarily omitted. 

CERTIFICATE OF MR. WILKINSON. 

The description given of my cows by Mr. Nefflin, af- 
ter he examined them by his improved Guenon system, 
is in the main Very correct, and satisfies me that this is 
the only reliable system by which cows can be selected. 

John Wilkinson, 
Mount Airy Agr'l. Institute, Germantown, Pa. 



PREFACE. 



In this small volume I offer to the American farmer 
a discovery, which, if carefully applied in the breeding 
of cattle, will be of great importance and of incal- 
culable benefit to him. It will enable him to double, nay, 
in six or eight years to treble, the yield of his cows 
without increasing their number, bettering their food, 
or adding to their expenditure. It teaches the cattle- 
breeder the most infallible signs of a greater or smaller 
productiveness for the dairy ; signs, which may be per- 
ceived in a calf not more than three months old. They 
indicate not only the quantity but also the duration 
of the yield, that is to say, they show how many 
quarts of milk a cow, when well fed, will give after 
calving, and how long this yield of milk will last or how 
soon the cow will go dry. The advantages which will 
accrue to the cattle-breeder from the knowledge of such 
signs are many. It will not only enable him to raise 
his stock to the greatest productiveness, but to sustain 
this productiveness at its greatest height. He will 
know what animals to purchase, what calves to select 
for breeding and which for fattening. This discovery 
is new in France and in the south of Germany, and 
but little known, as no popular pen has undertaken 
to place it within reach of the farming population in 

CO 



Vlll PREFACE. 

a clear and comprehensible manner. So far, no farmer 
has been found, who, equally capable of managing the 
plough and the pen, has tried to introduce order and 
system into the large number of illustrations and 
degrees of productiveness which Guenon has described 
singly, and to separate the many superfluous descrip- 
tions of the numerous varieties from those which are 
actually necessary; still less has any one taken the 
pains of testing and verifying the theory of Guenon 
by profound study, years of experiments and observa- 
tions. In every other country, and consequently in 
the United States, this discovery is still entirely un- 
known. 

The present pages, the first which vouch for the 
correctness of this important and very profitable dis- 
covery, and which make it generally known, will prove 
what has been advanced above. The author more- 
over is prepared to establish its truth beyond all 
manner of doubt, by indicating the quantity and the 
duration of the yield of every cow, on examining 
any stock of cattle. 

Here, I do not deem it superfluous to explain to the 
reader how far I am qualified to treat of this subject. 

As early as 1815, I became possessed of a farm in 
the best and most fertile part of Wurtemberg. I de- 
voted myself to an extensive system of agriculture, 
embracing the cultivation of the vine and of orchards. 
By degrees I commenced to raise several kinds of grain 
and plants of commerce, such as hops, madder, teazel, 
poppy, and millet, in which I was very successful. 
I also established a whiskey distillery, which produced 
fifteen gallons per diem, with which I connected a 
vinegar distillery. But my most successful under- 
taking was my cheese-dairy, which I commenced 



PREFACE. • IX 

in 1817 ; it consumed daily from 1500 to 1600 quarts of 
milk, partly the produce of my own cows, partly that 
of the establishments of my neighbours. 

In the same year I became justice of the peace of 
the community of Pleidelsheim on the Neckar, in which 
office I continued for twenty-seven years, after which 
I resigned, with the intention of devoting my time, as 
I nattered myself, to a more quiet occupation, that of 
publishing a periodical and of carrying on farming on 
an extensive scale. 

In the year 1823, the superiority of my farm was 
acknowledged by the government. I received a gold 
prize-medal and 20 ducats. Soon after I received the 
diploma as member of the Wurtemberg Agricultural 
Society, also that of the Baden Agricultural Society, 
and a year later, I was appointed President of the 
Agricultural Society of the Circle (District) of the 
Neckar. Elected representative for the assembly of the 
states in 1831, I was appointed on the committee of 
agriculture, and on that for the diminution of feudal 
taxes and tithes. In this capacity, and as editor of the 
" Field and Garden Gazette," I joined the opposition, 
and continued with the party, until on the 1st October, 
1848, by a speech in the popular assembly at Heilbronn, 
the text of which I had taken from the Bible, and had 
changed to suit the times, " Render to Caesar the things 
that are Caesar's, to the people the things that are the 
people's, and what remains to the king," I had at- 
tracted the favourable notice of the government, which 
had become reactionary, to such a degree that they 
contemplated appointing me for a couple of years to a 
government situation in one of their prisons; but 
which, having been early apprised of their kind inten- 
tions towards me, I evaded by sudden flight. 
2 



X PREFACE. 

In confirmation of the above facts, I hold in my 
hands printed and written certificates ; but the most 
authentic testimonial will be found in Brockhaus's 
Conversational Lexicon of 1834, vol. 14, page 1004. 

I do not refer to these testimonials of my agricultural 
and political career to gratify any feelings of vanity ; 
but I do so as a duty towards the reader, to convince 
him that this volume does not contain any theoretical 
humbug, but thorough practical experiments and 
verified results. 

I now offer this little work to the farmer, firmlj- 
convinced that sooner or later, if he applies the system 
contained therein, I shall be rewarded by his acknow- 
ledging that I have rendered him an essential service. 

The Author. 
Philadelphia, October, 1852. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Francois Guenon was the son of poor parents in 
Libourne in France. Early left an orphan, he obtained 
employment as cowherd with a rich farmer. His voca- 
tion employed but little of his time, but instead of 
wasting it in idleness, he tried to occupy his mind by 
observing and comparing what was passing around 
him. Thus he had become acquainted with all the 
peculiarities, virtues, and vices of the animals intrusted 
to his care, according to their colour and the smallest 
marks of distinction ; he soon know how much milk 
each of his cows gave, and how long they continued to 
give it, and was enabled to number and classify the 
animals according to their worth; but this was not 
sufficient for Guenon, he wanted to read their internal 
good qualities, on the outside. He was acquainted 
with the external milk-marks, but these, he found, did 
not always agree with the productiveness, seldom with 
the duration of the yield ; consequently he continued 
his researches, and for this purpose selected the best 
cow and the worst. Thus he found the most general 
sign in the region between the two hind-legs from the 
udder upwards to the exterior of the female organs of 
generation. He now continued his researches and 
comparisons, and became daily more convinced that 

(id 



Xll INTRODUCTION. 

here only the infallible signs of the yield of milk could 
be found. 

Having stored his memory with a considerable 
number of well tested observations, and saved a suffi- 
cient amount from his wages to buy a single cow, he 
resigned, his situation as cowherd, and commenced 
trading in cattle with one good cow. 

As he brought none but good milkers into the market, 
and always gave satisfaction to purchasers, his reputa- 
tion soon increased, as well as his profits, and he was 
enabled to make his purchases in distant parts. 

During this time, his knowledge of the milk-marks 
became so much extended and confirmed, that he was 
enabled, though little accustomed to the use of the pen, 
to publish his experience in 216 parts, accompanied by 
372 illustrations. The Agricultural Societies of Bor- 
deaux and of Aurillac honourably acknowledged his 
merits. 

In the year 1838, the publication of Guenon first 
fell into my hands. I translated it into German, and, 
assisted by the manuscript and the illustrations, I, to- 
gether with several other able agriculturists of the 
neighbourhood, entered upon the testing of the theory 
of Guenon. This undertaking, however, was very 
difficult and very fatiguing, because Guenon had ar- 
ranged his experiments according to the quantity of 
milk given by the cows, and had described each milk- 
mark separately, instead of arranging them in classes 
and omitting the marks of bad milkers. 

This defect induced me, after ten years of trial and 
of experiments, to arrange the discovery of Guenon, 
without any essential alteration, into a system of classes 
and orders, more simple, more comprehensible, and 
more convenient for use. 



INTRODUCTION". xiii 

Guenon called the above described region, by which 
the greater or smaller productiveness of the animal 
can be ascertained, by the significant name of "milk- 
mirror;" and a more appropriate appellation he could 
not have selected, as by the signs here impressed .we 
can observe, as in a mirror, the hidden inward quantity 
of milk. 

This milk-mirror is more perceptible during the 
summer than during the winter season, both in old 
and in young animals ; the reason of this is that the 
hairs are finer and shorter, whilst the animals are fed 
on green fodder, particularly when they are kept very 
clean. 

The hair of the horned cattle, as is well known, 
grows downwards, only in the milk-mirror, which (as 
we have said before), begins at the udder, the down-like, 
delicate, short, and lighter-coloured hair grows upwards ; 
and where the ascending and descending hair meet, 
they form an elevated stripe, a vortex or whirl. This 
whirl is the real frame or border of the milk-mirror, 
and gives it its shape. This shape is the principal 
mark of the productiveness of the cow. One shape, 
when perfect, shows a greater abundance of milk than 
another ; all of them may be divided into eight classes. 
In each class there are again varieties in the form of 
the mirror, as soon as propagation is allowed among 
animals of different classes, or with such as have irre- 
gular mirrors. This, in fact, is the cause of so many 
alterations in the mirror, and in the degrees of the pro- 
ductiveness down to the lowest quantity. The nearer 
an animal approaches the first order of its class, the 
less the milk-mirror deviates from the form of the class 
in its purity, and the less the productiveness diminishes. 
Thus each class has been divided into eight orders, to 



XIV INTRODUCTION. 

exhibit its modification in the form and consequent 
smaller productiveness. 

Finally, we have to notice the important circum- 
stance, that the male animals have the same milk- 
mirror as the female animals, only somewhat smaller ; 
and that, if we wish to keep the stock pure, we should 
select the bull from the same class as the cow, and if 
possible from the first, second, or third order. When 
we have bulls of the first order, the breed may be gradually 
improved, until zve raise the female animals to the first 
order of their class. 

This will suffice to show how immense are the ad- 
vantages which result from the discovery of Guenon 
for the farmer or for the cattle-keeper in general. In 
the following pages, the method of obtaining and of 
improving these advantages will be explained. To 
obtain this object, we need in the beginning, until a 
thorough knowledge has been acquired, nothing but 
some attention and a little patience, two qualities with 
which the farmer must be born, and which he must 
cultivate, if he wishes to be successful in his business. 

If the reader, notwithstanding the clearness with 
which the author has tried to explain himself in the 
following pages, should find doubts and difficulties, he 
is requested to apply either in person or by letter to 
the publishers, when the author will consider it a 
pleasure to answer any inquiries that may be made. 

John Nefflen. 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 



Heretofore the opinion of graziers and breeders of 
cattle has been that the productiveness of the cow de- 
pended upon certain breeds, and that, to increase the 
quantity of milk obtained, it was necessary to procure 
a certain breed famous as being good milkers. Farmers, 
therefore, frequently procured such a breed from a great 
distance and at considerable expense, without examin- 
ing into the productiveness of the cattle, this being 
taken for granted, but looking principally to obtain 
young, fleshy, and well formed cattle : but only too fre- 
quently the purchaser was disappointed in his expecta- 
tions. Perhaps the change of the climate, and the feed, 
diminished the quantity of the milk yielded before ; but 
certainly the ignorance of a necessary correspondence 
between the milk-mirror of the male and female, must 
have contributed most to this decrease in the produc- 
tion of the milk. 

The above assertion has been incontrovertibly estab- 

(15) 



16 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

lished by the discovery of Guenon, though cattle-dealers 
prefer to sell the well formed fleshy cattle at a high 
price, and keep the good milkers for their own families. 
It has therefore frequently happened that large farmers 
or agricultural societies, to increase the productiveness 
of their dairy, have sacrificed, nay, to tell the truth, 
have thrown away large sums of money for some 
famous breed ; but still greater was the mistake, when, 
to obtain the object sought for, only fine bulls of a 
celebrated breed were procured. It must be admitted 
that in purchasing these, the increase of the production 
of the dairy was not the only object, for the advan- 
tages obtained by the rearing of cattle are threefold. 
The first consists in the profits of the dairy, the second 
in procuring durable draught animals, and the third in 
the rapid fattening of the cattle. Each of these objects 
may be more easily obtained with one breed than with 
another; but we must not imagine, that, where the 
principal advantage aimed at in the rearing of cattle 
is the increased production. of the dairy, the other ad- 
vantages become unattainable. For in every breed 
peculiarly adapted for draught and for fattening, there 
are excellent milkers, and their productiveness may 
not only be kept up, but may be increased, when we 
succeed in effecting the propagation by male and female 
animals, which have the same milk-mirror, or tvhich belong 
to the same class and the same order. 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 17 

This assertion, verified by a number of experiments, 
is the solid basis of the discoveries and doctrines of 
Guenon. It is true every rule has its exceptions, but 
when nature now and then deviates from her path, we 
should not hastily seek the cause in a defect of order, 
or attribute it to a mistaken experience and to de- 
ception. 

It is a practically established fact, that defective 
feed, want of proper care, accidental diseases, but prin- 
cipally inflammation of the udder (Garget), and prema- 
ture calving, interfere with the development of their 
productiveness for the dairy, interrupt the same if 
already established, and make its restoration impossi- 
ble. Therefore such exceptions, the cause of which 
has never been properly examined, cannot overturn 
the well tested theory, that nature everywhere and at 
all times pursues her regular course, unless driven from 
it by some powerful obstacle and superior influence. 

Guenon also had asserted, and the observations and 
experiments based upon his doctrines have proved be- 
yond the power of contradiction, that the productive- 
ness does not belong to any single breed of cattle, that 
in every breed we can find good milkers, and that con- 
sequently without detriment to the produce of the dairy 
or to the breed, crosses of different races may be ad- 
mitted, as long as the animals intended for propagation 

belong to the same class, and in the order of the milk- 
3 



18 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

mirrors do not deviate too much ; that is, when their 
mirrors resemble each other. 

It is a well known fact that the great majority of 
the Dutch cows, according to their milk-mirror, belong 
to the first class ; the Swiss cows, and particularly those 
of the Simmenthal, to the second and third class ; the 
cows of the south of Germany to the fourth, fifth, and 
sixth class ; and those from the Eastern Alps, between 
Bavaria, Austria, and Upper Italy, to the seventh and 
eighth class. 

We find, however, in all these breeds predominating 
classes, with all the inferior orders, from the first to 
the eighth, consequently with all the irregularities and 
varieties, which, in this case as in others, are the 
result of inattention to the mirror in the selection of 
the bulls. But in the same parts we also meet with 
the other classes, alongside of the predominating 
ones, with all their irregularities more or less, which 
is another proof of the necessity of coupling mirrors, 
resembling each other as nearly as possible. But even 
when the pairing has been effected with the utmost 
care and according to rule, there is another important 
circumstance, which, although it cannot affect the 
forming of the mirror, may yet produce a very injurious 
influence upon the yield of the milk, and which there- 
fore ought not to be overlooked. This is the age of 
the cows. According to our experience, the first and 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 19 

second calf of a young cow will rarely yield as much 
milk as the third, fourth, and fifth, to the eighth ; whilst 
the ninth and tenth fall off again. Guenon does not 
mention this subject, although I do not doubt that in 
his observations, through so many years, his experience 
corresponds with mine. Nor can I omit the result of 
my own experience here, that through laziness or 
want of skill in the milker, and through untimely 
yielding to the tricks of the cows, the productiveness 
may be diminished or the quantity of milk be reduced 
for ever after. The person intrusted with the milking 
may, through want of diligence or skill, in a short time 
reduce the yield of a cow considerably, if he does not 
attend to his business daily, at regular times (not 
sometimes too early and sometimes too late), and does 
not empty the udder clean, I might say to the very 
last drop. If once he leaves but the hundredth part 
behind, he will the next time undoubtedly obtain the 
two-hundredth part less, and in this manner he may, 
notwithstanding the best feed and the most perfect 
health of the animal, gradually reduce the quantity of the 
milk, until it yields from two to three quarts less than 
before. The unskilfulness of the milker, however, may 
further injure the productiveness. By roughly drying 
the teats, and by hard pressure upon them in drawing, 
he torments the cow, she becomes irritable and retains 
her milk as much as possible, and when laziness is 



20 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW- 

added to this, the yield of the milk will diminish 
rapidly and strikingly. We should also exert ourselves 
to obviate the viees of those cows, which, when they 
are milked, are uneasy or kick, and try to milk them 
perfectly clean by some method or other. The simplest 
and most effective means, known all over Turkey and 
in Greece, is, to tie a thin hempen cord, just before 
beginning to milk, round one of the hind legs of the 
cow, and best, round that one with which she tries 
to prevent herself from being milked, close to the body, 
only once, to draw it as tight as possible and to knot it. 
This unwonted tension will soon make the animal very 
quiet and docile, and the business of milking can be 
proceeded with, without any farther obstacle. 

Sometimes it happens that cows, after they have had 
the first calf, learn to suck their own udders, and ac- 
custom themselves to do so when the milker neglects to 
milk them clean, at short and regular intervals. This 
produces a painful tension in the lacteals, which urges 
the tormented animal to aid itself by drawing the 
milk. When this has become a vice or a habit, the 
simplest method of preventing it, is, to put round the 
neck of the cow a light collar which closes and opens 
at the lower point, by which she will be prevented 
from bending the neck sufficiently to reach the teats 
with the mouth. 

I should not have mentioned these irregularities and 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 21 

defects, which often occur in the rearing of cattle, if 
they did not tend to create doubts as to the discovery 
of Guenon, or to injure the latter irreparably in the 
opinion of some cattle-breeders. But in spite of all 
these and other unfavourable circumstances, the theory 
of Guenon remains firm and unshaken : the natural 
yield of milk can be known from the form of the milk- 
mirror; but it is equally true, that the milk-mirror 
produces no milk, and that it can never supply what 
has been lost by want of diligence and of skill, by 
scantiness of food, or by ill-treatment and disease of the 
milk-cow. 

To show, however, the full value of Guenon's dis- 
covery of the milk-mirror, we shall here give a short 
description of the signs by which heretofore the yield 
of the cow was estimated, and submit them to a brief 
scrutiny. These marks or "points" are still recognised 
in France, in Germany, in Belgium, in Switzerland, and 
in England, but only in part. Nowhere are all the 
points or milk-marks known or recognised. 

The following are considered as favourable milk- 
marks : — 

0, a broad large mouth ; 

b, yellow or short or thin horns ; 

c, delicate, soft, short, and close hair; 

d, broad, well spread ribs ; 

e, a broad chest ; 



22 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

/, a thin, long tail ; 

g, straight hind legs ; 

h, a regularly arched udder, covered with a short, 
close, silky down; 

i, four teats of equal length and thickness ; 

Ii, thick projecting so called lacteal veins, which 
run along under the belly, from the udder, to- 
wards the fore-legs, forming a fork at the end, and 
finally losing themselves in a round cavity. 

/, The milk-wart in the middle of the lower jaw, at 
the broadest part, nearer to the mouth than to 
the throat. 

The more important of these points, are the five 
latter, from g to I. The others are less decisive. 

The following are considered unfavourable milk- 
marks : — 

a, long thick horns ; 

b, a long, narrow, pointed head ; 

c, a bull-like, puffy neck ; 

d, indented, pointed spine ; 

e, short, narrow ribs, not much bent ; 
/, a short, thick tail; 

g, thin, long, bristly hair; 

h, unequally vaulted udder, with a few long hairs ; 
i, teats of unequal length and thickness ; 
Jc, hind legs, like those of a goat, bent in the form of 
a sickle ; 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW- 23 

/, thin lacteal veins, almost imperceptible, without a 

fork, terminating in a point, and without any or 

with a very small and shallow indentation at the 

end (Milchschusselcher). 

m, the milk-wart, when nearer the throat than the 

lower lip. 
Among all these favourable and unfavourable signs, 
there is not one which by itself is decisive, but seve- 
ral of them must concur ; besides this, they do not in- 
dicate the yield of milk, and still less the duration of 
this yield, from the time of calving to the period when 
the animal goes dry. Nor do we find in them any 
guide, not even a hint, what male animals are to be 
selected for the propagation, to sustain the productive- 
ness of the breed, or to increase it by improvement. 
These defects are entirely removed by the milk-mirror 
discovered by Guenon, the truth and reliableness of 
which is most positively confirmed by the manner in 
which the milk-mirror of the first orders of each class 
agree with the heretofore known favourable marks of 
productiveness, and the less favourable and entirely 
unfavourable mirrors, with the known unfavourable 
marks or points. If therefore the marks, heretofore 
known, singly or several of them together, could be 
relied upon, which they can not, the milk-mirrors 
would still possess the great and important advantage 
over them, that they indicate not only the quantity of 



24 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

the yield, but also jts duration, while at the same time 
they point out the male animals, most suitable to sus- 
tain and to promote the productiveness in the after- 
breed. But the most important advantage is undenia- 
bly, that they enable us to ascertain, in the male and 
female animals, at the age of three months, the future 
productiveness for the dairy, or the capacity of sus- 
taining this productiveness, and that consequently we 
are not obliged to feed and foster for years an animal 
with the uncertain hope that it will be a good milker, 
merely because the mother belonged to a good milking- 
breed. It can certainly not be denied, that the after- 
breed sustains undiminished the productiveness for the 
dairy, less generally than that it degenerates or di- 
minishes in this respect; the reason of this is, that 
hitherto the absolute condition of a correspondence be- 
tween a male and a female animal, for the preserva- 
tion of the productiveness in the progeny, has been 
entirely unknown, and generally is so now, and that 
consequently no attention could be paid to it. 

Having thus given, with the utmost brevity, a 
sketch of the unsatisfactory and unreliable marks of 
the productiveness of the cattle for the dairy, I shall 
now with more confidence proceed to communicate the 
discoveries of Guenon, the application of his theory, 
and the advantages arising therefrom. 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 25 

I. THE COW. 

1. The Milk-Mirror. 

Guenon, as we have mentioned before, bestowed upon 
the new marks of the productiveness of the cow, the 
appropriate name of " milk-mirror." From the time of 
his discovery, and during the twenty-five years of his 
observations and comparisons of these mirrors, and 
their secondary mark, he has collected so many va- 
rieties that their number amounts to from 200 to 300. 
This task no doubt was difficult and troublesome, but 
the second, to select from the large number of draw- 
ings the better qualities and their gradations down to 
the lowest, and to discover of each form the yield of 
milk and its duration, by an immense number of ob- 
servations, was far more troublesome. An astonishing 
perseverance was requisite to fathom this secret and its 
varieties. To him belongs the merit of this very use- 
ful discovery. I, for my part, can only claim to have 
arranged the whole collection of Guenon's experiments 
into classes and orders, by which the general survey 
and the self-instruction is greatly facilitated, and the 
less instructed farmer, who, even when possessed of a 
clear understanding, has less leisure to travel into and 
through the large field of the discovery, is enabled to 
inform himself thoroughly, and to guard against errors 
and mistakes with but little trouble. 
4 



26 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

To attain this object, by which the discovery of 
Guenon will be most rapidly diffused, and thus become 
more generally useful, I have reduced the whole col- 
lection of Guenon's illustrations, according to their 
principal features, into classes, and the varieties into 
orders or suborders, according to the degree of their 
unfavourable signs of productiveness, but have passed 
over and set aside a number of degenerate varieties, 
which indicate an inferior degree of productiveness, 
because I considered it, for the keeper of cattle, much 
more practical to become acquainted with the more 
favourable marks, and to direct his attention more to 
the manner of increasing his yield of milk, than to the 
manner by which he cannot increase it. For, whoever 
is desirous of increasing the produce of his dairy, will 
only look for such milk-mirrors as indicate a larger 
yield, and will set aside all others which will point 
to the contrary, both in purchasing or in selecting 
calves for breeding. I can assure the farmer, that in 
this description and in the illustration, no milk-mirror 
has been omitted which indicates a profitable yield of 
milk. When, therefore, an animal is not possessed of 
one of these favourable milk-mirrors, he will know at 
once, how to act; the classes and orders to which 
these bad qualities and their forms belong, will give 
him but little trouble. He will be satisfied to become 
acquainted with the many, here described, less good 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 27 

and entirely bad mirrors, and with their signs and 
qualities, for their number suffices to instruct him how 
great the variety which can appear in the breeding of 
cattle. 

As to the qualities and form of the milk-mirror, we 
are obliged to make the following introductory obser- 
vations, to enable us to treat the separate classes and 
orders with greater simplicity. The position of the 
milk-mirror is bordered by a frame of hair which grows 
upwards, and of such as grows downwards ; it begins in 
the middle between the four teats, ascending between 
the thighs towards the vulva and the anus, as indi- 
cated in the table by the white spots on the coloured 
animals. 

In the mirror itself the hair grows upwards, and on 
the remaining part of the body downwards. When 
the direction of the hair is not evident, we have only 
to pass the fingers over these parts to feel it. 

The secondary marks, as well in the milk-mirror as 
those out of it, can be known, by the former growing 
dowmvards, and the latter upwards. 

These secondary marks, as well as their form and their 
position, do not reduce the mirror to another class, but 
merely to another order. 

The secondary signs and the single spots of the 
mirror, are marked by the following letters ; 



28 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW- 

a, The greatest breadth of the mirror in all the 

classes and orders. 
bb, breadth of the upper end of the mirror in the 

first class; 
cc, ovals (0) above the teats ; 

d, a stripe of hair (I) below the vulva ; 

e, spots of hair (0 0), only in the first class. 

ff, incisions (00) always at the lower part of the 
mirror. 

g, ovals (©) in the middle of the mirror or bastard 
signs of the first class (see Bastard, in the Table) . 

hh, breadth of the mirror in the middle. 

ii, escutcheon or small escutcheon ( \ ) alongside of 
the vulva. 

kk f ovals (•) alongside of the vulva; 

//, whirls (quirls) (0 0) alongside of the vulva ; 

m, height of the mirror of the third class; 

nn, height of the mirror of the fourth class ; 

o, incision of the mirror of the fourth class, down- 
wards ; 

pp, height of the mirror of the fifth class ; 

q, r, s, angle of the sixth class upwards ; 

t, height of the mirror of the seventh class ; 

ww, second bastard-mark of the first class, second 
division. 
JcJc, and 11, the bastard-marks of the second, third, 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 29 

fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh class, first and 
second division. 
The milk-mirrors I have divided into eight classes, 
according to their principal formations, and placed 
them in a line according to the productiveness which 
they indicate ; so that the better stands under the first 
class, and the inferior under the eighth class. 
The names of the classes indicate their form. 
The first class is called " lyre-shaped," 

the second "selvage-shaped," 

the third " hill-shaped," 

the fourth "fork-shaped," 

the fifth "club-shaped," 

the sixth " square-shaped," 

the seventh "wedge-shaped," 

the eighth "shield-shaped." 

Before entering upon the subject of the milk-mirrors 
and the qualities which they indicate, I shall give a 
general description of the good mirrors, which will at 
once convince every breeder of cattle, from the begin- 
ning of his self-instruction, and make him admit, not- 
withstanding all his knowedge of the breeding of cat- 
tle, he has never perceived or noticed these qualities. 

We consider as good qualities in every breed and in 
every class; 

1. A large mirror, having the same form on both 
sides ; 



30 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

2. Yellowish hair in the mirror, from which on rub- 
bing with the finger, a yellowish branlike dust or 
dandruff appears ; 

3. Continuation of the mirror or of the same colour, 
and of the same hair under the tail, the further 
the better; 

4. Close, fine, soft, silky hair in the mirror, on the 
udder, and in the secondary marks. 

Bad Signs. 

1. A small and irregular mirror; 

2. Large secondary signs; 

3. Coarse, bristly, thin hair in the mirror, on the ud- 
der, and in the secondary signs ; 

4. All the bastard-marks, as more particularly de- 
scribed below. 

I shall now proceed to the description of the sepa- 
rate classes and orders. 

A. THE CLASSES. 

1st Class. 
The form is lyre-shaped. The complete mirror com- 
mences in the middle of the four teats of the udder, 
which is covered with a short, fine down. It passes up- 
wards over the whole back part of the udder, occupies 
the inner and outer surface of the thighs, and extends 
to a a (vide Tab. 1st Class 1st Order). Thence it curves 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 31 

inward, rises to the anus 1 h to 2 inches wide on each 
side of the vulva at b b. Above the teats at c c we 
find two ovals, 2 inches in length by 11 inch in 
breadth, with hair growing downwards. The inner 
part of the thigh upwards towards the vulva, is of a 
yellowish colour, with scattered black spots, where we 
find the bran or dandruff. 

2d Class. 
Selvage-shaped form. The mirror commences as in 
the first class, and ascends to the points a a (Tab. 2d 
CI. 1st Ord.), thence the mirror descends somewhat on 
both sides and crosses inwardly to the points h h, 
which approach to the distance of 3 or 31 inches. 
From the angles arises on each side a straight line, and 
continues upwards to the vulva, where they terminate, 
being from 1 to II inch apart. The two ovals c c 
over the teats, are almost as large as those of the first 
class. 

3d Class. 
The mirror is hill-shaped; the beginning as in the 
first and second class (Tab. 3d CI. 1st Ord.), but from 
the points a a it rises broader to m, to about 1 inch be- 
low the vulva. Ovals as in the 2d class. . 

4th Class. 
The mirror is fork-shaped, and the beginning as in 



32 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

the foregoing classes. From a a (Tab. 4th CI. 1st Ord.) 
it curves in on both sides to n n, and terminates in two 
points, about 3 inches below the vulva, turning in and 
running down to o in the middle, where the two lines 
meet again in a point, forming two horns or prongs. 
On the right and on the left side, we find two small 
escutcheons, i i, about li inch long by h inch wide. 
Ovals as in the foregoing classes. 

5th Class. 
The mirror is club-shaped, and the beginning as in 
the foregoing classes. From the points a a (Tab. 5th 
CI. 1st Ord.), the mirror slopes across, rather down- 
wards to h h, which two points approach within about 
4 inches, hence it rises to p, 2h inches broad, where it 
appears about 3 inches under the vulva, as if cut off. 
The broader and the higher this stripe is, or the nearer 
it approaches the vulva from h h to p, the better is the 
mark. On each side of the vulva there is an escut- 
cheon i i, 2 inches long and i inch wide. Above the 
teats two ovals c c, 3 inches long by 2 inches broad. 

6th Class. 

The mirror is of the form of a carpenter's square, 
and begins as the foregoing classes. At a a (Tab. 6th 
CI. 1st Ord.), the lines on both sides run as in the 5th 
class, only somewhat deeper towards h h, and here ap- 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 33 

preach each other within 3 I to 4 inches; hence, the 
lines rise on both sides to Jc, 2 inches under the vulva, 
perpendicularly ; here the mirror forms a right angle 
and then rises again, somewhat narrower on the left 
side of the vulva, to the anus to s. The more the 
angle approaches the vulva the better is the mark. 
Above the teats ovals c c, from 3 to 4 inches long and 2 
inches broad. 

7th Class. 
The mirror is wedge-shaped, and its beginning as in 
the foregoing classes. From the point a a (Tab. 7th 
CI. 1st Ord.), the lines, as in the 5th and 6th classes, 
turn in, to h h, to about three inches. Thence they rise 
on both sides, in such a manner, that they form a 
point, 2 inches below the vulva at t. On both sides, 
escutcheons ii, 2 inches long and i inch wide. The 
absence of these escutcheons indicates no smaller yield 
of milk. Above the teats two ovals, 3 inches long 
by two inches wide. 

8th Class. 
The milk-mirror is shield-shaped, and is remarkable 
for its shape, which looks as if cut off by the horizontal 
line a a, (Tab. 8th CI. 1st Ord.). The secondary 
signs ii, alongside of the vulva, with the hair growing 
upwards, are about 3 inches long and scarcely 1 i inch 



34 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

broad. Above the teats ovals c c, as in the foregoing 
classes. 

These are the eight principal forms, indicating the 
highest productiveness of the different classes or fa- 
milies, and, being perfect in their respective forms, be- 
long to the first order of their classes. 

The slightest deviation from these pattern mirrors and 
secondary marks places the milch-cows in the second 
order; and they descend into the third and fourth 
order, the more their form deviates from that of the 
first order of each class. 

We now come to the orders, and shall only describe 
those particularly, the productiveness of which is 
sufficient to make the acquisition of the animals desir- 
able, and with which an improvement in the breeding 
of cattle can be carried to the highest degree of perfec- 
tion. For all other varieties we refer to the table, 
where the inferior qualities, which should be avoided 
or be removed from the breed, can be seen, together 
with the diminished quantity of the milk. 

B. THE ORDERS. 

1st Order, 1st Class. 
This order has already been described in the first 
class ; and we have only to add here, that the mirror 
indicates a daily yield of 20 quarts, and a duration of 
9 months from the time of calving. 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 35 

It is however to be understood, that the proportion 
of the quantity and of the duration depends upon the 
suppositions that 

a, the milch-cows are of the same age, calculating 
from the third calf to the eighth. 

b, the feed is good and strong, without being exactly 
fattening. 

c, the care is regular, and that the milking is per- 
formed by industrious individuals. 

d, the cow is sound, and that her yield has not been 
weakened by any former sickness, and 

e, that she is not used for draught. 

2d Order, 1st Class. 

The mirror is in form the same as that of the first 
order, only the extent is somewhat smaller in every 
direction. The ovals ce are narrower, and on the right 
side below the vulva is a stripe d (Tab. 1st CI. 2d 
Order), about 2 inches in length and li inch in breadth, 
with very short hair growing downwards. 

Milk daily 19 quarts, duration 8 months from the 
time of calving. 

3d Order, 1st Class. 

The mirror is like that of the 2d order, only rather 

smaller. It becomes regularly smaller, the further the 

order is removed from the first, of which, to avoid 

repetition, the reader will take particular notice, as a 



36 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

general rule. Marks which distinguish this order 
from the first and second : a semicircular spot, the hair 
growing downwards e (Tab. 1st CI. 3th Ord.), this 
spot joints the vulva in the form of a fork, and about 
W inch below it, is rounded off with a breadth of 2 
inches; The hairs are shining and white. Above the 
teats there is but one oval on the left side c. 
Quantity 17 quarts a day, duration 7 months. 

4th Order, 1st Class. 

The points a a retire more towards the inner part of 
the thighs, the points b b approach e on each side to 
within a small half inch of the vulva. The mirror does 
not reach as high as the anus, but descends from the 
upper points towards the middle of the vulva. From 
here an oblong spot with whitish hair, which grows 
downwards, descends, terminating in two acute angles. 

Quantity 15 quarts a day, duration 6 months. 

5th Order, 1st Class. 

The spot under the vulva covered with whitish 
hair, which grows downwards (Tab. 1st CI. 5th 
Order), is from 5 to 6 inches long and 1 inch wide ; 
the lower part of the mirror forms a half oval in- 
cision on the right side, 5 inches high and 1 inch 
deep. 

Quantity 13 quarts a day, duration 5 months. 



productiveness of the cow- 37 

6th Order, 1st Class. 

This order, on account of the small yield of milk, 
can no longer be recommended. Hair-spots as in the 
fifth order. On the lower part of the mirror// 
(Tab. 1st CI. 6th Ord.) we find on each side trian- 
gular incisions, 3 inches high and li inch deep. 

Quantity 10 quarts a day, duration 4 months. 

7th Order, 1st Class. 

The mirror deviates considerably from that of the 
sixth class at a a and bb (Tab. 1st CI. 7th Ord.). 
The left half, it is true, rises as far as the vulva, 
but the right half, covered with bristly hair, is only 
half as high. Below the point a at/ the right side bends 
in a little, and forms an angle with the broader lower 
half. Coarse, thinly scattered hair cover the udder. 

Quantity 7 quarts a day, duration 3 months. 

8th Order, 1st Class. 

The mirror is entirely confined to the interval 
between the thighs, is narrow and irregular, some 
bristling hair appears on the left and the right without 
any order. 

The bastards of this class we shall describe hereafter 
with those of the other classes ; and now follows 

1st Order, 2d Class. 
This has already been described under the 2d class. 
Quantity 19 quarts a day, duration 8 months. 



38 productiveness of the cow- 

2d Order, 2d Class. 

From a a (Tab. 2d CI. 2d Ord.) the lines at hh 
incline more towards the middle, which renders the 
upper part of the mirror smaller than in the 1st order. 
On the left side of the vulva a small escutcheon 2 
inches in length and I inch wide, with hair, growing 
upwards. The frame of the mirror is more glossy 
than the others. Over the teats only an oval c on the 
left side. 

Quantity 17 quarts a day, duration 7 months. 

3d Order, 2d Class. 

From a a, (Tab. 2d CI. 3d Ord.), the lines of the 
mirror curve upwards, towards h h, thence the latter 
ascends, as in the 2d order, but rather narrower to the 
vulva, on each side of which there is a small escutcheon 
ii; that on the left side is as large as that in the 2d 
order, but the left rather shorter. The oval c, smaller 
than in the second order, is also on the left side. 

Quantity 15 quarts a day, duration 6 months. 

4 th Order, 2d Class. 
Straight lines ascend from a a (Tab. 2d CI. 4th 
Ord.) towards h h, obliquely approaching each other 
towards the vulva. The two escutcheons ii, near the 
vulva, are also of unequal size, but longer and broader 
than in the third order. Here the oval c of the second 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 39 

and third order is missing, and does not reappear in 
the following orders of the second class. 

Milk daily 13 quarts, duration 4i months. 

The remaining orders need not be described here. 
The reader will understand the illustrations from what 
has been said before. 

1st Order, 3d Class. 
Quantity 19 quarts a day, duration 8 months. The 
remaining particulars have been mentioned under the 
third class. 

2d Order, 3d Class. 

On the left side, near the vulva, an escutcheon i 
(Tab. 3d CI. 2d Ord.), I inch in length and scarcely 
half an inch wide. An oval above the stripe c on the 
left side, somewhat smaller than in the first order. 

Quantity 17 quarts a day, duration 7 months. 

3d Order, 3d Class. 

On each side of the vulva an escutcheon ii (Tab. 1st 
CI. 3d Ord.) 3 inches long and § inch wide. Above 
the teats, to the left, a small oval c. The top m recedes 
further from the vulva in every new order. 

Quantity 15 quarts a day, duration 6 months. 

3d Order, 4th Class. 
The mirror approaches nearer to the udder, and no 
longer ascends as high. Alongside of the vulva there 



40 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW- 

arc two whirls ii (Tab. 3d CI. 4th Ord.) longer and 
broader than the escutcheons of the preceding orders ; 
the hairs bristle towards every side. At a, on the right 
side, an incision begins and continues to/. 

Quantity 13 quarts a day, duration 4? months. For 
the reasons given before, the remaining orders of this 
class will not be further described. 

1st Order, 4th Class. 
Quantity 17 quarts a day, duration 8 months. 

2d Order, 4th Class. 
The mirror is lower and narrower and the right 
prong, 1 inch shorter than the left n n (Tab. 4th CI. 
2d Ord.). The escutcheon on the left is as large as 
in the 1st order, but that on the right is only half as 
large. Above the teats an oval to the left. Quantity 
15 quarts a day, duration 7 months. 

3d Order, 4th Class. 

On the left side of the vulva an escutcheon % (Tab. 
4th CI. 3d Ord.) and the right prong or horn of the 
mirror W inch shorter than the left. 

Quantity 13 quarts a day, duration 6 months. 

4th Order, 4th Class. 
Under the vulva a stripe d, (Tab. 4th CI. 4th 
Ord.) the hair ascending, good 2 inches long, scarcely 
$ inch wide; the right prong also li inch shorter 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 41 

than the left, and below a towards / an incision, 3 
inches wide by 5 inches long. 

Quantity 10 quarts a day, duration 5 months. 

5th Order, 4th Class. 

On the left side of the vulva a whirl i (Tab. 4th CI. 
5th Ord.) of ascending bristly hair, 5 inches long and 
1 i inch broad. Under a a angular incisions //. In all 
the remaining orders of this class the right prong ap- 
pears shorter than the left. 

Quantity 8 quarts a day, duration 4 months. For 
the further orders of this class, see the Table. 

1st Order, 5th Class. 
Quantity 17 quarts a day, duration 8 months. 

2d Order, 5th Class. 

The lines from a a towards h h (Tab. 5th CI. 2d Ord.) 
ascend a little. The two little escutcheons alongside of 
the vulva i i are unequal in size ; the left resembles that 
of the first order, the right is as wide but only half as 
long. Above the teats an oval c on the left. 

Quantity 15 quarts a day, duration 7 months. 

3d Order, 5th Class. 

The corners a a (Tab. 5th CI. 3d. Ord.) are more 

rounded, and recede from the thighs. On the left of 

the vulva, only one escutcheon i, a full inch long and 
6 



42 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

scarcely i inch wide. In this and in the following 
orders the oval above the teats is missing. 
Quantity 13 quarts a day, duration 6 months. 

4th Order, 5th Class. 

From a a to p (Tab. 5th CI. 4th Ord.) the mirror 
ascends, curving and growing narrower. Below a an 
incision as far as/, semicircular. 

Quantity 10 quarts a day, duration 5 months. The 
remaining orders are illustrated in the Table. 

1st Order, 6th Class. 
Quantity 17 quarts a day, duration 8 months. 

2d Order. 

The square q r (Tab. 6th CI. 2d Ord.) is at a distance 
of 3 inches from the vulva, and as this distance in- 
creases in the following orders, the more the stripe r s, 
on the left side, becomes elongated. Above the teats 
also an oval c. 

Quantity 15 quarts a day, duration 7 months. 

3d Order, 6th Class. 

The lines from a a to h h (Tab. 6th CI. 3d Ord.) as- 
cend rather obliquely, the square is 4 inches below 
the vulva, and gradually shortens in each following 
order. 

Quantity 13 quarts a day, duration 6 months. 



productiveness of the cow- 43 

4th Order, 6th Class. 

On the right side of the vulva a whirl i (Tab. 6th 
CI. 4th Ord.), with ascending bristly hair, 3 inches 
long, and rather more than £ inch wide. The stripe 
r s with spreading hair is broader than in the third 
order. Below a, on the right side, extending to /, we 
find an oblique angular incision. 

Quantity 10 quarts a day, duration 5 months- 

5th Order, 6th Class. 

The stripe r s of the square r Jc, and the whirl on 
the right side of the vulva, have bristling hair spread- 
ing rather upwards. Incision as in the fourth order. 

Quantity 8 quarts a day, duration 4 months. 

For the remaining orders, see the Table. 

1st Order, 7th Class. 
Quantity 15 quarts a day, duration 8 months. 

2d Order, 7th Class. 

The mirror rather shorter and smaller, and the two 
escutcheons i i (Tab. 7th CI. 2d Ord.), on the sides of 
the vulva, shorter, but broader than in the first order. 
Above the teats an oval c to the left. 

Milk daily 13 quarts, duration 7 months. 

3d Order, 7th Class. 
The mirror smaller than in the 2d order, and the 



44 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

escutcheon i (Tab. 7th CI. 3d Orel.) to the left of the 
vulva 4 inches long and 1 inch wide. The point of 
the mirror is 5 inches from the vulva. No farther 
oval. 

Quantity 10 quarts a day, duration 6 months. 

4th Order, 7th Class. 

Here we have only one escutcheon i (Tab. 7th CI. 
4th Ord.) to the left of the vulva, 7 inches long and 1 
inch wide. 

Quantity 8 quarts a day, duration 5 months. 

When in the remaining orders, there are whirls with 
bristling hair, they are longer and wider than the es- 
cutcheons in the preceding orders. 

For the remaining orders, see the Table. 

1st Order, 8th Class. 
Quantity 13 quarts a day, duration 8 months. 

2d Order, 8th Class. 
The escutcheons i i (Tab. 8th CI. 2d Ord.) to the 
right and to the left of the vulva, are dissimilar. The 
one on the left as large as in the first order, that on 
the right one inch shorter. Several, though not all 
the cows of this order, have below the vulva a stripe 
of ascending hair, which nearly reaches the vulva ; it 
is 1£ inch long, and I inch wide. An oval c is above 
the teats on the left side. 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 45 

Quantity 10 quarts a day, duration 7 months. 

3d Order, 8th Class. 

On the left side of the vulva an escutcheon i (Tab. 
8th CI. 3d Ord.) the hair of which rises as in a vortex, 
and is somewhat bristling; it measures from 4 to 5 
inches in length, and 1 inch in breadth. Under a on 
the right side, there is towards /, an acute-angled in- 
cision, 6 inches broad and 7 inches deep. 

Quantity 8 quarts a day, duration 6 months. 

For the remaining orders see the Table. 



THE BASTARD COWS 

Of the 1st Class. 

The cows of this class consist of two kinds. Those 
of the first kind have in the ascending hair of the 
mirror, between the thighs and between the vulva and 
the udder, an oval, formed of descending hair, g (Bas- 
tard Tab. 1st CI. 1st Divis.), 3 inches long and 2 
inches wide, of a whitish colour. The larger the oval, 
the sooner the milk will fail, and vice versa, the 
smaller the oval the longer the cow will give milk. 
But the early failing of the milk is a general rule. In 
every other respect the mirror is entirely like that of 
the first order of the first class. 



46 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

The second kind of the bastards is distinguished by 
the hair of the mirror not ascending towards the vulva, 
but bristling like the beard of an ear of wheat, w iv 
(Bastard Tab. 1st CI. 2d Div.) and spread over 
the thighs from a a to b b. The broader the mirror 
and the finer the hair, the greater is the yield of milk, 
until the cow is again in calf; but when the hair is 
coarse, long, and thin, the yield is very small. The 
interior of the thighs to the vulva is somewhat red- 
dish, the skin fine and soft, but there is no dandruff. 
All bastard cows of the first seven classes, of the first 
and second division, have above the teats two ovals c c. 

2d Class. 
These bastards are distinguished in every order by 
two ovals Jc Jc (Bastard Tab. 2d CI. 1st Div.) as by 
two whirls ii (2d Div.) to the right and left side of the 
vulva; these marks are separate, an inch from the 
vulva ; their length is 4 inches and their breadth 1 1 
inch. When the marks are small and fine-haired, the 
milk fails more slowly ; but when they terminate in 
two points and the hair is coarse, it turns watery. 

3d Class. 
These have escutcheons and whirls Jc Jc and i i (Bas- 
tard Tab.) as the 2d Class. The ovals are marks 
more favourable than the whirls ; the larger both these 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 47 

marks are, the smaller is the yield of milk ; and the 
smaller they are, the more abundant the yield. 

4th Class. 
Similar to the 3d class, pointing to the same 
qualities. 

5th Class. 
The same as the 3d class. 

6th Class. 
The broader and longer the oval k (Bastard Tab. 
6th CI. 2d Div.) or the whirl with spreading hair on 
the right side of the vulva, and the broader and longer 
the line r s on the left side, the greater is the degene- 
racy of the animals of this class in all its orders, and 
the smaller the quantity, goodness, and duration of 
the yield. 

7th Class. 
The same as the 3d and 4 th classes. 

8th Class. 
These bastards have no mirror at all, and no hair 
growing upwards. 

A few hints more for the breeder of cattle may not 
be superfluous. 

Cows of extraordinary productiveness, of the first 
and second order, should be fed more carefully before 
and after calving. During this time rather the quality 



48 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

than the quantity of the feed should be diminished, to 
avoid too great a flow of milk, or stagnation and con- 
sequent inflammation. It is therefore advisable to milk 
the cows, for some time, three times a day, every eight 
hours ; after the first and second calving it may even 
be done four times, namely every six hours. 

That no milk whatever may remain behind, it is 
necessary that a person, able and willing, should milk 
the cow quite clean, immediately after dropping the 
calf; that the calf should not be allowed to suck the 
cow, but that the milk from the cow should be put 
into a vessel, from which the calf will suck by means 
of a mouth-piece, until it gets accustomed to drink out 
of the vessel. The sucking of the cow by the calf 
has many disadvantages. When the cow has a sore 
udder, it will hurt her; when she gives a great 
quantity of milk, the calf will either take too much 
and fall sick, or it will not suck her clean, and the 
yield will diminish before you begin to milk her. 
Besides, the cattle-breeder cannot know how much the 
calf consumes as long as he is unacquainted with the 
yield of his cow ; he cannot judge whether the calf 
receives too much or too little food. 

In a large dairy, it is very advantageous to separate 
at once, the first half of the milk obtained from the 
second half, and to put it into separate vessels. The 
last half contains from 30 to 40 per cent, more butter. 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 49 

The first milk will be used for common purposes, and 
the second for making butter. 



II. BULLS. 

The second, and not less important discovery of 
Guenon, is that the bull has the same marks as the 
milch-cow, only somewhat shorter and narrower. They 
differ, however, from those of the cow, by beginning be- 
hind the testicles, and terminating on the side of, or 
under, the anus. Guenon bestows upon these marks 
the same name "milk-mirror," which may be justified 
in as far as the bull has greater influence upon the sus- 
taining or obtaining of an abundant yield of milk, as 
well as upon the improvement of the breed. For a 
good cow drops ordinarily one calf a year, whilst the 
bull can impregnate from sixty to a hundred cows an- 
nually. We shall therefore retain also for him the 
name of " milk-mirror." A number of experiments and 
trials have confirmed the statement of Guenon, that 
the yield of milk can only be sustained or improved by 
coupling the cow with a bull of the same class, bearing 
the same or better marks. It therefore becomes the 
duty of every cattle-breeder, to exercise the utmost 
caution in the selection of the bull-calves for the breed. 

It cannot be denied, that the cows which yield a great 

7 



50 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

deal of milk, and yield it long, are rarer than those 
which yield but little, and only for a short time. This 
disproportion is owing entirely to the mistakes in se- 
lecting bulls, for want of knowing the male marks or 
points. 

Every cattle-breeder will rear the female calves of a 
very good milch-cow, as well for the dairy as for stock, 
and consequently, w r e frequently find from four to six 
descendants from a good milker in the same stall, but 
on asking whether these descendants, which externally 
resemble their mother, yield as much milk, we unfor- 
tunately hear the contrary, and are told that they de- 
generate more and more. This proves evidently that 
the bulls, with which the cows have been coupled, have 
belonged to another race (class and order), less produc- 
tive for the dairy. But even when bulls and cows 
bear the same marks, it may sometimes happen that 
the bull and cow-calves are provided with inferior milk- 
mirrors. But such occurrences must not deter the 
cattle-breeder ; he need not regret his selection, but con- 
tinue assiduously both with old and young animals; 
for the good and bad qualities of the old ones fre- 
quently do not reappear until the second and third 
generation. 

If the cattle-breeder will keep a genealogical register 
of his stock, such as sensible breeders of horses keep, 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 51 

he will soon convince himself that in this case as in all 
others, perseverance alone will insure success. 

Experience has confirmed the fact, that the more do- 
cile, the milder the appearance of the cow, the greater 
her usefulness ; and it cannot be doubted that such a 
cow has descended, both on the male and female side, 
from a productive race. But if this is true, why should 
we not prefer the same mild, pleasing form, to a rough 
and wild appearance, in the bull ? These qualities, how- 
ever, have not been attended to heretofore, have not 
been preferred. Rather the contrary has been the prac- 
tice, and we must not be astonished at the degeneration 
of the progeny of excellent races. It is nothing but a 
natural consequence : the good qualities of the mother 
were counteracted by the defects of the father. 

The productiveness of the cattle for the dairy in a 
higher degree, is a quality which has been cultivated 
and improved. In the natural state, the demand for 
milk was limited to the wants of the young, and the 
yield of a cow, which we now call trifling, may at that 
time have sufficed, both in quantity and duration. 
According to the wise provisions of nature which we 
find everywhere, we must suppose that in a wild state 
no more milk was produced than was necessary for 
the health of the cow and of the calf, the same as it is 
with other animals. Gradually, as the horned cattle 
became domesticated, and as man undertook to provide 



/ 



52 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW- 

for their support, the yield of the milk increased ; for 
we find to this day, that the greater the care which we 
bestow upon them, the more their productiveness will 
appear. The difference between stall-fed cattle, and 
cattle allowed to feed in the meadows, may be observed 
every day. 

We may assert, without fear of being contradicted, 
that horned cattle, in their natural state, appeared wilder, 
than they do in their domesticated condition, and that 
consequently, care bestowed upon the selection of the 
bull will not only prevent degeneration, but contribute 
to the improvement of the stock. This observation is 
founded upon the milder and more docile appearance 
of bulls which are provided with good milk-marks, and 
which are not disfigured by a thick, puffy, lion neck. 

An abundant yield of milk can therefore be already 
secured, by a careful selection, as soon as the bull- 
calves are three months old, or it may be obtained by 
the purchasing of bulls with good milk-marks. The 
improvement will be observable in the next generation, 
but will become more striking in the second. We 
find sometimes, though not often, and only by chance, 
bulls, with the best milk-marks, being at the same 
time perfect in body, having broad lines, a straight 
chine, straight legs, round thighs, vaulted ribs, a strong 
neck, a short square head, large eyes, and middling- 
sized well-formed horns. Another proof that the bull 



PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 53 

has to contribute to the improvement of the breed of 
cattle or to the increase in the productiveness for the 
dairy, an d that this, his avocation, is founded upon 
numerous experiments. 

After thus having fully explained the good and bad 
qualities of the cow and of the bull, and having proved 
the necessity of their having corresponding milk-marks, 
we come to the last chapter. 

THE CROSSING OF BREEDS. 

Crossing is the coupling of male and female animals, 
provided with milk-marks from different classes or 
orders, as also of different races. 

This crossing produces two kinds of results. Ani- 
mals, having similar milk-marks, hut from different races, 
particularly when the male belongs to a letter race, may be 
coupled without injury to the yield of the milk. But 
crosses between different classes always produce un- 
favourable results, and more so when the bull belongs 
to an inferior order, or even to an inferior class. 

Such pairing of the sexes will reduce the breed to a 
lower class or order; it may even cause a great disfigu- 
ration m the milk-mirror, and make a classification 
impossible, when, as a matter of course, it becomes 
impracticable to ascertain the order to which the 
animal belongs. 



54 PRODUCTIVENESS OF THE COW. 

Advantages can only be obtained by the crossing 
of different breeds or races, when the mirrors of both 
animals correspond, or still better, when the mirror of 
the male belongs to a higher order. 

If however the object of the crossing is to obtain a 
heavier stock of cattle, it is advisable rather to procure 
a male animal, which of course must be provided with 
the corresponding milk-marks. By this means the 
object of the crossing will be obtained sooner than by 
the purchase of a cow. 

THE PERFECT BREED. 
If the breeder of cattle, through a careful application 
of the above explained theory and rules, succeeds in 
uniting in one breed all the qualities we look for in 
cattle, in the highest state of perfectibility, his task is 
accomplished. With such a breed he will never part ; 
it will be to him an inexhaustible mine, an everlasting 
treasure. 



THE END. 



/ 



lis, 

till 



the : 



w 



) qts. 



/ 



PRINCIPAL TABLE. 



1st CI. 2d CI. 3d CI. 4th 01. 5th CI. 6th CI. 7th CI. 8th CI. 






1st Order. 



2d Order 




8tli Order. 



TIip riVa nfthp. animals of the mirrors, and ofthfl sfif.nndfl.rv aiVna 



ield of the milk, are of aluH-erown middle- 



/ 



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of^^r^itSifu^Kr^r":;:;:^^ a ^^siffif^T * the «»"•*« 

it out. The intrinsic merit of the Bible rao mmend .uJlf f , .""' ! B,ucn u "" v ' have S"t 

its sacred pages. In this edition every s,pe ,,.-,'. .ent.ft'i 5 "° t™el "rnwmuit to ai '"™ 
sented ns a perfectly chaste spec,me,7of the B i w K noS ^SSSnSt^k^ W " haT ,! Pre " 
what IS needed in every family-' the unsaturated word of God' COn "" ent - II a PP ears l ° be just 

unique book, and thev have icoSmfflS K l"e£ve™™4u Hv "l »' ; J kl \ ^ perfectly 
community will afford them ample remuneration for all rhL \.v I? f }, e T' st that a ilb eral 

nly incurred in its publication. It is a stand " ,'l [Bible theexpellse and 0UtIa y they have necessu- 

pto^SSSS&SK MeSSrS ' UPPinCOtt ' *»"*»*0«J No. 14 North Fourth street, Philadel- 

No illustrations or ornamental t%,e are used Those who n? " ''" ';,7, ( ' r """ n is «cee%ly neat, 
pheity, yet elegance of style, without adorn men w 11 ,r , I n ' « U 1 " ecnt8d m 1-erfect s.m- 
— Af. Magazine. ouommem, wm probably never find one more to their taste." 



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Baxter's Comprehensive Bible, 

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ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE; 

OR, DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE, THEOLOGY, RELIGIOUS BIOGRAPHY, ALL RELIGIONS, 
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, AND MISSIONS. 
Designed as a complete Book of Reference on all Religious Subjects, and Companion to the Bible; 
forming a cheap and compact Library of Religious Knowledge. Edited hy Rev. J. Newton Brown. 
Illustrated by wood-cuts, maps, and engravings on copper and steel. In one volume, royal 8vo. 
Price, $4 00. 

6 



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COMPREHENDING THE MOST VARIED AND SPLENDID ASSORTMENT IN THE 

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The Errors of Modern Infidelity Illustrated and Refuted. 

BY S. M. SCHMTJCKER, A. IvT. 

In one volume, 12mo. ; cloth. Just published. 

We cannot but regard this work, in whatever lisrlu we view it in reference to its design, as one 
of the most masterly productions of the age, and fitted to uproot one of the most fondly cherished 
and dangerous of all ancient or modem errors. God must bless such a work, armed with his own 
truth, and doing fierce and successful battle against black infidelity, which would bring His Majesty 
and Word down to the tribunal of human reason, for condemnation and annihilation.— ALb. Spectator. 



LIPl'INCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 

Cbrgq of Slmnira: 

CONSISTING OF 

ANECDOTES ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE CHARACTER OF MINISTERS OF RELI- 
GION IN THE UNITED STATES, 

BY JOSEPH BELCHER, D.D., 
Editor of "The Complete Works of Andrew Fuller," "Robert Hall," &c 

"This very interesting and instructive collection of pleasing and solemn remembrances of manjr 
pious men, illustrates the character of the day in which they lived, and defines the men more 
clearly than very elaborate essays." — Baltimore American. 

" We regard the collection as highly interesting, and judiciously made." — Presbyterian. 

JOSEPHUS'S (FLAVIUS) WORKS, 

FAMILY EDITION. 
BY THE LATE WILLIAM WHISTON, A. IVX. 

FROM THE LAST LONDON EDITION, COMPLETE. 

One volume, beautifully illustrated with Steel Plates, and the only readable edition 

published in this country. 

As a matter of course, every family in our country has a copy of the Holy Bible ; and as the pre- 
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that do, that the perusal of the writings of Josephus will be found very interesting and instructive. 

All those who wish to possess a beautiful and correct copy of this valuable work, would do well 
to purchase this edition. It is for sale at all the principal bookstores in the United States, and by 
country merchants generally in the Southern and Western States. 

Also r the above work in two volumes. 

BURSAR'S VILLAGE SERMONS; 

Or, 101 Plain and Short Discourses on the Principal Doctrines of the Gospel. 

INTENDED FOR THE USE OF FAMILIES, SUNDAY-SCHOOLS, OR COMPANIES ASSEM- 
a BLED FOR RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION IN COUNTRY VILLAGES. 

BY GEORGE BTJRDER. 

To which is added to each Sermon, a Short Prayer, with some General Prayers for Families, 

Schools, &c, at the end of the work. 

COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 

These sermons, which are characterized by a beautiful simplicity, the entire absence of contro- 
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into several of the continental languages. " They have also been the honoured means not only of 
converting many individuals, but also of introducing the Gospel into districts, and even into parish 
churches, where before it was comparatively unknown." 

" This work fully deserves the immortality it has attained." 

This is a fine library edition of this invaluable work ; and when we say that it should be found in 
the possession of every family, we only reiterate the sentiments and sincere wishes of all who take 
a deep interest m the eternal welfare of mankind. 

FAMILY PRAYERS AND HYMNS, 

ADAPTED TO FAMILY WORSHIP, 

TABLES FOR THE REGULAR READING OF THE SCRIPTURES. 

By Rev. S. C. Winchester, A. M., 

Late Pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia; and the Presbyterian Church at 

Natchez, Miss. 

One volume, 12mo. 



LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 



SPLENDID LIBRARY EDITIONS. 
ILLUSTRATED mNIUHD POETS 

ELEGANTLY PRINTED, ON FINE PAPER. AND UNIFORM IN SIZE AND 

STVTLE. 



The fo„owi„ g Editions of Standard British Poets are i.h.strated with numerou, Steel 
Engrav.ngs, and may be had in all varieties of binding. 

BYRON'S WORKS. 

COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO 

INCUmiNO ALL MS SUPPRESSED ^ATTKIB.TEB POEMS; WITH Se/beaUTXEUL 

land. Among these there are a number , h B P ° elm heretofore ""Published in Eng- 

tha pubbshers behev they are Tr a , e "T T*" " *"* AmeriCaD edlt '°» « "» d 



fkfimf Bforfo of fc l&maiR 

Complete in one volume, octavo ; with seven beautiful Engravings 

Mr. Thatcher, of Boston. ^ A " lenCan ed " ,onS - W " h a C "^' Preface by 

•^".^MStirK^'sza; w ; th more confidence - jt ^ •*« ™ 

an honour to her se* and to human, y Z d whose T'f r T ° f the ^"'^ ° f 0ne w "° ™ 
^<°f ablush to ^c^ 

with regard to the i S ^ S^ -cess,* of .mposing restnctions 
breathes throughout the whole a m „! f !7- , emanating from this gifted woman. There 

and there is 2£iS£^CTUSZ2 £" T^ * """^ W dirt '° n J 
which tens of a sou! which has been ,"/ fZ t lee r^ " "^ ^^ C °">»™- 
communing, with being, of a^ure w S 1 - contemplat.on rf? terrestnal things, to divme 



ILTON, YOUNG, GRAY, BEATTIE, AND COLLINS'S 
POETICAL WORKS. 

COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCT WO 
WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 



€mpt niti %wmn'n ^km unit ^nptiwl tlfork 

COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCT WO 

a h ; F, f' me PnnteJ fr ° m hiS ° W " ""nuscripte. taken from 

a late Echtion of the Aldine Poets, now publishing in London 

WITH SEVEN BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
The distinguished Professor Silliman sneaking nf thi* „ tin 
oy the elegance and fine taste of youTeuC ^ ^n '" ° ™ : "' " m M m " Ch ^^ 
tencc which these delightful authors have left for att&tu^ T " ™ ^ monl e ™ U 
,s not less conspicuous as a true Chnst.an ^^SSETJ 2 ^ """*"'' 
exquisite taste." teacher, than as a poet of great power and 




LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 

THE POETICAL WORKS OF ROGERS, CAMPBELL, MONTGOMERY, 
LAMB, AND K1RKE WHITE. 

COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 

The beauty, correctness, and convenience of this favourite edition of these standard authors are 
so well known, that it is scarcely necessary to add a word in its favour. It is only necessary to say, 
that the publishers have now issued an illustrated edition, which greatly enhances its former value. 
The engravings are excellent and well selected. It is the best library edition extant. 



CRABBE, HEBER, AND POLLOK'S POETICAL WORKS. 

COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 

A writer in the Boston Traveller holds the following language with reference to these valuable 
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" Mr. Editor : — I wish, without any idea of puffing, to say a word or two upon the ' Library of 
English Poets' that is now published at Philadelphia, by Lippincott, Grambo it Co. It is certainly, 
taking into consideration the elegant manner in which it is printed, and the reasonable price at 
which it is afforded to purchasers, the best edition of the modern British Poets that has ever been 
published in this country. Each volume is an octavo of about 500 pages, double columns, stereo- 
typed, and accompanied with fine engravings and biographical sketches ; and most of them are 
reprinted from Galignaui's French edition. As to its value, we need only mention that it contains 
the entire works of Montgomery, Gray, Beattie, Collins, Byron, Cowper, Thomson, Milton, Young, 
Rogers, Campbell, Lamb, Hemans, Heber, Kirke White, Crabbe, the Miscellaneous Works of Gold 
smith, and other masters of the lyre. The publishers are doing a great service by their publication, 
and their volumes are almost in as great demand as the fashionable novels of the day ; and they 
deserve to be so : for they are certainly printed in a style superior to that in which we have before 
had the works of the English Poets." 

No library can be considered complete without a copy of the above beautiful and cheap editions 
of the English Poets ; and persons ordering all or any of them, will please say Lippincott, Grambo 
4: Co.'s illustrated editions. 



A COMPLETE 

Sirfioitatt] of |>ortiml (kiofatiotiH: 

COMPRISING THE MOST EXCELLENT AND APPROPRIATE PASSAGES IN 
THE OLD BRITISH POETS; WITH CHOICE AND COPIOUS SELEC- 
TIONS FROM THE BEST MODERN BRITISH AND 
AMERICAN POETS. 
EDITED BY SARAH JOSEPHA HALE. 
As nightingales do upon glow-worms feed, 
So poets live upon the living light 
Of Nature and of Beauty. 

Bailey's Festus. 

Beautifully illustrated with Engravings. In one super-royal octavo volume, in various 

bindings. 

The publishers extract, from the many highly complimentary notices of the above valuable and 
beautiful work, the following: 

"We have at last a volume of Poetical Quotations worthy of the name. It contains nearly six 
hundred octavo iages, carefully and tastefully selected from all the home and foreign authors of 
celebrity. It is invaluable to a writer, while to the ordinary reader it presents every subject at a 
glance." — Godey's Ladu's Book. 

"The plan or idea of Wis Hale's work is felicitous. It is one for which her fine taste, her orderly 
habits of mind, and her long occupation with .literature, has given her peculiar facilities; and tho- 
roughly has she accomplished her task in the work before us." — Sarlnvi't Magazine. 

" Tt is a choice collection of poetical ex-tracts from every English and American author worth 
perusing, from the days of Chaucer to the present time." — \\'ushwjton Union. 

" There is nothing negative about this work ; it is positively good." — Evening Bulletin, 

io 



LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 

THE DIAMOND EDITION OF BYRON. 



THE POETICAL WORKS OF LOUD BYRON, 

WITH A SKETCH OF HIS LIFE. 

COMPLETE IN ONE NEAT DUODECIMO VOLUME, WITH STEEL PLATES. 

The type of this edition is so perfect, and it is printed with so much care, on fine white paper, 
that it can be read with as much ease as most of the larger editions. This work is to be had in 
plain and superb binding, making a beautiful volume for a gift. 

" The Poetical Works of Lord Byron, complete in one volume : published by L., G. & Co., Phila- 
delphia. We hazard nothing in saying that, take it altogether, this is the most elegant work ever 
issued from the American press. 

" ' In a single volume, not larger than an ordinary duodecimo, the publishers have embraced the 
whole of Lord Byron's Poems, usually printed m ten or twelve volumes; and, what is more remark- 
able, have done it with a type so clear and distinct, that, notwithstanding its necessarily small size, 
it may be read with the utmost facility, even by failing eyes. The book is stereotyped ; and never 
have we seen a finer specimen of that art. Everything about it is perfect — the paper, the print- 
ing, the binding, all correspond with each other; and it is embellished with two finfe engravings, 
well worthy the companionship in which they are placed. 

" 'This will make a beautiful Christmas present.' 

"We extract the above from Godey's Lady's Book. The notice itself, we are given to understand, 
is written by Mrs. Hale. 

" We have to add our commendation in favour of this beautiful volume, a copy of which has 
been sent us by the publishers. The admirers of the noble bard will feel obliged to the enterprise 
which has prompted the publishers to dare a competition with the numerous editions of his works 
already in circulation; and we shall be surprised if this convenient travelling edition does not in a 
great degree supersede the use of the large octavo works, which have little advantage in size and 
openness of type, and are much inferior in the qualities of portability and lightness." — Intelligencer. 



THE DIAMOND EDITION OF MOORE. 

(CORRESPONDING WITH BTRON.) 

THE POETICAL WORKSOF THOMAS MOORE, 

COLLECTED BY HIMSELF. 

COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME. 

This work is published uniform with Byron, from the last London edition, and is the most com- 
plete printed in the country. 

THE DIAMOND EDITION OF SHAKSPEARE, 

(complete in one volume,) 
lETCLTJDIETG A SKETCH OP HIS LIFE. 

UNIFORM WITH BYRON AND MOORE. 
THE ABOVE WORKS CAN BE HAD IN SEVERAL VARIETIES Of BINDING. 

GOLDSMITH'S ANIMATED NATURE. 

IN two volumes, octavo. 
BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH 385 PLATES. 

CONTAINING A HISTORY OF THE EARTH, ANIMALS, BIRDS, AND FISHES; FORMING 
THE MOST COMPLETE NATURAL HISTORY EVER PUBLISHED. 

This is a work that should be in the library of every family, having been written by one of the 
most talented authors in the English language. 

" Goldsmith can never be made obsolete while delicate genius, exquisite feeling, fine invention, 
the most harmonious metre, and the happiest diction, are at all valued." 



BIGLAND'S NATURAL HISTORY 

Illustrated with numerous and beautiful I 
if a " View of the World," " Letters on 
Complete in 1 vol., 12mo. 



Of Animals, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, and Insects. Illustrated with numerous and beautiful Engrav 

ings. By JOHN BIGLAND, author of a " View of the World," " Letters on 

Universal History," &c. Complete in 1 vol., 12mo. 



LIITINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 

THE POWER AND PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



THE UNITED STATES; Its Power and Progress. 

BY GUILIiAUME TELL POUSSIN, 

LATE MINISTER OF THE REPUBLIC OF FRANCE TO THE UNITED STATES. 

FIRST AMERICAN, FROM THE THIRD PARIS EDITION. 

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY EDMOND L. DU BARRY, M. D., 

SURGEON U. S. NAVY. 

In one large octavo volume. 

SCHOOLCRAFT'S GREAT NATIONAL WORK ON THE INDIAN TRIBES OF 
THE UNITED STATES, 

WITH BEAUTIFUL AND ACCURATE COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS. 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION 

RESPECTING THE 

HISTORY, CONDITION AND PROSPECTS 

OP THE 

SnMan (Krilns nilljt JttriUb §\hUb. 

COLLECTED AND PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE BUREAU OF INDIAN 
AFFAIRS, PER ACT OF MARCH 3, 1847, 

BY HENS7 R. SCHOOLCRAFT, LL.B, 

ILLUSTRATED BY S. EASTMAN, Capt. U. S. A. 

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS. 

THE AMERICAN GARDENER'S CALENDAR, 

ADAPTED TO THE CLIMATE AND SEASONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Containing a complete account of all the work necessary to be done in the Kitchen Garden, Fruit 
Garden. Orchard, Vineyard, Nursery, Pleasure-Ground, Flower Garden, Green-house, Hot-house, 
and Forcing Frames, for every month in the year; with ample Practical Directions for performing 
the same. 

Also, general as well as minute instructions for laying out or erecting each and every of the above 
departments, according to modern taste and the most approved plans; the Ornamental Planting of 
Pleasure Grounds, in the ancient and modern style; the cultivation of Thorn Quicks, and other 
plants suitable for Live Hedges, with the best methods of making them, <tc. To which ure annexed 
catalogues of Kitchen Garden Plants mid Herbs; Aromatic, Pot, and Sweet Herbs; Medicinal 
Plants, and the most important Grapes, <tc, used in rural economy; with the soil best adapted to 
their cultivation. Together with a copious Index to the body of the work. 

BY BERNARD M'MAHON. 
Tenth Edition, greatly improved. In one volume, octavo. 

THE PORTFOLIO OF A SOUTHERN MEDICAL STUDENT. 

BY GEORGE M. WHARTON, M. D. 

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS BY CROOME. 

One volume, 12mo. 

~T2 



LIPPLNCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 

THE FARMER'S AND PLANTER'S ENCYCLOP/iDIA. 



€\i /nrmrt's nnit planter's fetfrlnpicMa nf Enral Affairs. 

BY CUTHBERT W. JOHNSON. 
ADAPTED TO THE UNITED STATES BY GOUVERNEUR EMERSON. 

Illustrated by seventeen beautiful Engravings of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, the varieties of Wheat, 
Barley, Oats, Grasses, the Weeds of Agriculture, <tc. ; besides numerous Engrav- 
ings on wood of the most important implements of Agriculture, ice. 
This standard work contains the latest and best information upon all subjects connected with 
farming, and appertaining to the country ; treating of the great crops of grain, hay, cotton, hemp, 
tobacco, rice, sugar, <tc. <tc. ; of horses and mules ; of cattle, with minute particulars relatm? to 
cheese and butter-making; of fowls, including a description of capon-making, with drawings of the 
instruments employed; of bees, and the Russian and other systems of managing bees and con- 
structing hives. Long articles on the uses and preparation of bones, lime, guano, and all sorts of 
animal, mineral, and vegetable substances employed as manures. Descriptions of the most approved 
ploughs, harrows, threshers, and every other agricultural machine and implement; of fruit and 
shade trees, forest trees, and shrubs ; of weeds, and all kinds of flies, and destructive worms and 
insects, and the best means of getting nd of them; together with a thousand other matters relating 
to rural life, about which information is so constantly desired by all residents of the country. 
IN ONE LARGE OCTAVO VOLUME. 

MASON'S FARRIER-FARMERS' EDITION. 

Price, 62 cents. 



THE PRACTICAL FARRIER, FOR FARMERS: 

COMPRISING A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE NOBLE AND OSEFDL ANIMAL 

THE HORS'E; 

WITH MODES OF MANAGEMENT IN ALL CASES, AND TREATMENT IN DISEASE. 
TO WHICH IS ADDED, 

A PRIZE ESSAY ON MULES; AND AN APPENDIX, 

Containing Recipes for Diseases of Horses, Oxen, Cows, Calves, Sheep, Dogs, Swine, &c. 4c 

BIT KICHARD MASOH, Xffl. D., 

Formerly of Surry County, Virginia. 

In one volume, 12mo.; /bound in cloth, gilt. 

MASON'S FARRIER AND STUD-BOOK-NEW EDITION. 



THE GENTLEMAN'S NEW POCKET FARRIER: 

COMPRISING A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE NOELE AND DSEFUL ANIMAL, 

THE HORSE; 

WITH MODES OF MANAGEMENT IN ALL CASES, AND TREATMENT IN DISEASE. 

BIT BICHASO MASON, M. D., 

Formerly of Surry County, Virginia. 

To which is added, A PRIZE ESSAY ON MULES; and AN APPENDIX, containing Recipes for 

Diseases of Horses, Oxen, Cows, Calves, St.ecp, Dogs, Swine, >tc. <kc. ; with Annals 

of the Turf, American Stud- Book, linies for Training, Racing, ic 

WITH A SUPPLEMENT, 

Comprising an Essay on Domestic Animals, especially the Horse ; with Remaiks on Treatment and 
Breeding; together with Trotting and Racing Tallies, showing the liest time on record at one, 

two, three and four mile heats ; Pedigrees of W 11? Horses, since 1839, and of the most 

celebrated Stallions and Mares; with useful Calving and Lambing Tables. By 
J. S. SKINNER, Editor now of the Farmer's Ubrary, New York, &c. &c. 

— 13 ~ 



LIPriNCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 

HINDS'S FARRIERY AND STUD-BOOK-NEW EDITION. 



FARRIERY, 

TAUGHT ON A NEW AND EASY PLAN: 

BEING 

51 tenfep ntt ijjF Sisritsrs nnlt $rrtata of \\)i Iwrsr ; 

With Instructions to the Shoeing Smith, Farrier, and Groom ; preceded by a Popular Description of 
the Animal Functions in Health, and how these are to be restored when disordered. 

BY JOHN HINDS, VETERINARY SURGEON. 

With considerable Additions and Improvements, particularly adapted to this country, 

BY THOMAS M. SMITH, 

Veterinary Surgeon, and Member of the London Veterinary Medical Society. 

WITH A SUPPLEMENT, BY J. S. SKINNER. 

The publishers have received numerous flattering notices of the great practical valne of these 

works. The distinguished editor of the American Farmer, speaking of them, observes: — "We 

cannot too highly recommend these hooks, and therefore advise every owner of a horse to obtain 

them." 

"There are receipts in those books that show how Founder may be cured, and the traveller pur- 
sue his journey the next day, by giving a tablespoonfiU of alum. This w:is gut from Dr. I'. Thornton, 
of Montpelier, Rappahannock county, Virginia, as founded on his own observation in several cases." 

"The constant demand for Mason's and Hinds's Farrier has induced the publishers, Messrs. Lip- 
pincott, Grambo & Co., to put forth new editions, with a ' Supplement 1 of KiOpa^es, by J. S. Skinner, 
Esq. We should have sought to render an acceptable service to our agricultural readers, by giving 
a chapter from the Supplement, 'On the Relations between Man rind the Domestic Animals, espe- 
cially the Horse, and the Obligations they impose ;' or the one on 'The Form of Animals;' but that 
either one of them would overrun the space here allotted to such subjects." 

" Lists of Medicines, and other articles which ought to be at hand about every training and livery 
stable, and every Farmer's and Breeder's establishment, will be found in these valuable works." 



TO CARPENTERS AND MECHANICS, 

Just Published. 



A NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION OP 

THE CARPENTER'S NEW GUIDE, 

BEING- A COMPLETE BOOK OF LINES FOR 

CAHPSNTR7 AND JOINERY; 

Treating fully on Practical Geometry, Satfit's Brick and Plaster Groins, Niches of every description. 

Sky-lights, Lines for Roofs and Domes: with a great variety of Designs for Roofs, 

Trussed Girders, Floors, Domes, Bridges. <tc. Angle Bars for Shop 

Fronts, &c, and Making Mouldings. 

ALSO, 

Additional Plans for various Stair-Cases, with the Lines for producing the Face and Falling Moulds, 
never before published, and greatly superior to those given in a former edition of this work. 

BY WILLIAM JOHNSON, ARCHITECT, 

OF PHILADELPHIA. 

The whole founded on true Geometrical Principles; the Theory and Practice well explained and 
fully exemplified, on eighty-three copper plates, including some Observations and Calculations on 
the Strength of Timber. 

BY PETER NICHOLSON, 

Author of "The Carpenter and Joiner's Assistant," "The Student's Instructor to the Five 
Orders," <tc. 

Thirteenth Edition. One volume, 4to., well bound. 



LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 

A DICTIONARY OF SELECT AND POPULAR QUOTATIONS, 

"WHICH ARE IN DAILY USE. 

TAKEN FROM THE LATIN, FRENCH, GREEK, SPANISH AND ITALIAN LANGUAGES. 

Together with a copious Collection of Law Maxims and Law Terms, translated into 

English, with Illustrations, Historical and Idiomatic. 

NEW AMERICAN EDITION, CORRECTED, WITH ADDITIONS. 
One volume, 12mo. 

This volume comprises a copious collection of legal and other terms which are in common use, 
with English translations and historical illustrations; and we should judge its author had surely 
been to a great " Feast of Languages," and stole all the scraps. A work of this character should 
have an extensive sale, as it entirely obviates a serious difficulty in winch inest readers are involved 
by the frequent occurrence of Latin, Greek, and French passages, which we suppose are introduced 
by authors for a mere show of learning — a difficulty very perplexing to readers in generaL This 
" Dictionary of Quotations," concerning which too much cannot be said in its favour, effectually 
removes the difficulty, and gives the reader an advantage over the author; for- we believe a majority 
are themselves ignorant of the meaning of the terms they employ. Very few truly learned authors 
will insult their readers by introducing Latin or French quotations in their writings, when "plain 
English" will do as well; but we will not enlarge on this point. 

If the book is useful to those unacquainted with other languages, it is no less valuable to the 
classically educated as a book of reference, and answers all the purposes of a Lexicon — inched, on 
many accounts, it is better. It saves the trouble of tumbling over the larger volumes, to winch 
every one, and especially those engaged in the legal profession, are very often subjected. It should 
have a place in every library in the country. 



RUSCHENBERGER'S NATURAL HISTORY, 

COMPLETE, WITH NEW GLCfSSARY. 



i (BUmtnls of Jliittirai IM^ton], 

EMBRACING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY AND GEOLOGY: 

FOR SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND FAMILIES. 
BIT W. S. W. RUSCHENBEHGER, M. B. 

IN TWO VOLUMES. 

WITH NEARLY ONE THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS, AND A COPIOUS GLOSSARY. 

VoL 1. contains Vertebrate Animals. Vol. II. contains Intervcrtebrate Animals, Botany, and Geology, 



A Beautiful and Valuable Presentation Book. 



THE POET'S OFFERING. 

EDITED BY MRS. HALE. 
With a Portrait of the Editress, a Splendid Illuminated Title-Page, and Twelve Beautiful Engrav- 
ings by Sartain. Bound in rich Turkey Morocco, and Extra Cloth, Gilt Edge. 
To those who wish to make a present that will never lose its value, this will be found the most 
desirable Gift-Book ever published. 

" We commend it to all who desire to present a friend with a volume not only very beautiful, but 
of solid intrinsic value." — Washington Union. 

"A perfect treasury of the thoughts ami fancies of the best English and American Poets. The 
paper and printing are beautiful, and Hie binding rich, elegant, and substantial ; the most sensible 
and attractive ol all the elegant gilt-books we have seen." — Evening Bulletin. 

"The publishers deserve the thanks of the public for so happy a thought so well executed. The 
engravings are by the best artists, and the other portions of the work correspond in elegance " — 
Public bil'jtr 

" There is no hook of selections so diversified and appropriate within our knowledge." — Pennsylv'n. 

"It is one of I lie most valuable as well as elegant books ever published in this country."— t-'i <dcy'l 
Lady's Book. 

" It is the most beautiful and the most useful offering ever bestowed on the public. No individual 
of literary taste will venture to be without it."— Tlie City Item. 

15 



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THE YOUNG DOMINICAN; 
OR, THE MYSTERIES OF THE INQUISITION, 

AND OTHER SECRET SOCIETIES OF SPAIN. 
BY M. V. DE FEREAL. 

WITH HISTORICAL NOTES, BY M, MANUEL DE CUENDIAS, 

TRANSLATED FROM THE TRENCH. 

ILLUSTRATED WITH TWENTY SPLENDID ENGRAVINGS BY FRENCH ARTISTS, 

One volume, octavo. 

SAY'S POLITICAL ECONOMY. 



A TREATISE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY; 
Or, The Production, Distribution and Consumption of Wealth. 

BY JEAN BAPTISTI! SAY. 

FIFTH AMERICAN EDITION, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES, 
BY C. C. BIDDLE, Esq. 

In one volume, octavo. 

It would be beneficial to our country if all those who are aspiring to office, were required by their 
constituents to be familiar with the pages of Say. 

The distinguished biographer of the author, in noticing this work, observes : " Happily for science, 
he commenced that study which forms the basis of his admirable Treatise on Political Economy ; a 
work which not only improved under his hand with every successive edition, but has been translated 
into most of the European languages." 

The Editor of the North American Review, speaking of Say, observes, that "he is the meet 
popular, and perhaps the most able writer on Political Economy, since the time of Smith." 

LAURENCE STERNE'S WORKS, 

WITH A LIFE OF THE AUTHOR: 

WRITTEN BY HIMSELF. 

WITH SEVEN BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS, ENGRAVED BY GILBERT AND GIHON, 

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One volume, octavo; cloth, gilt. 

To commend or to criticise Sterne's Works, in this age of the world, would be all " wasteful and 
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Captive — even the Dead Ass, — this is all we have to say of Sterne; and in the memory of these 
characters, histories, and sketches, a thousand follies and worse than follies are forgotten. The 
volume is a very handsome one. 

THE MEXICAN WAR AND ITS HERGES; 

B E I N Q 

A COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE MEXICAN WAR, 

EMBRACING ALL THE OPERATIONS UNDER GENERALS TAYLOR AND SCOTT. 

WITH A BIOGRAPHY OF THE OFFICERS. 

ALSO, 

AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA AND NEW MEXICO, 

Under Gen. Kearny. Cols. Doniphan and Fremont. Together with Numerous Anecdotes of the 

War, and Personal Adventures of the Officers. Illustrated with Accurate 

Portraits, and other Beautiful Engravings. 

In one volume, 12mo. 
16 



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and numerous Preparations for Invalids. 

BY MRS. BLISS. 
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$jj* <£&j jfcrijntit ; nr, €\i &qfyam Mm. 

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CALIFORNIA AND OREGON; 

OR, SIGHTS IN THE GOLD REGION, AND SCENES BY THE WAY, 

BY THEODORE T. JOHNSON. 
WITH NOTES, BY HON. SAMUEL R. THURSTON., 

Delegate to Congress from that Territory. 

With numerous Plates and Maps. 

AUNT PHILLIS'S CABIN; 

OR, SOUTHERN LIFE AS IT IS. 

BY MRS. MARY H. EASTMAN. 

PRICE, 50 AND 75 CENTS. 

This volume presents a picture of Southern Life, taken at different points of view from the one 
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lore feels competent to give pictures of " Southern Life, as it is." 

Pledged to no clique or party, and free from the pressure of any and all extraneous influences, 
she lias written her book with a view to its truthfulness; and the public at the North, as well as 
at the South, will find in "Aunt Plnllis's Cabin" not the distorted picture of au interested painter, 
but tiie faithful transcript of a Daguerreotypist. 

WHAT IS CHURCH HISTORY? 

A VINDICATION OF THE IDEA OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS, 

BY PHILIP SCHAF. 
i TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN. 

In one volume, 12mo. 
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DODD'S LECTURES. 
DISCOURSES TO YOUNG MEN. 

ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS HIGHLY INTERESTING ANECDOTES. 

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CHAPLAIN IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY GEORGE THE THIRD. 

FIRST AMERICAN EDITION, WITH ENGRAVINGS. 

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THE IRIS: 

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EDITED BY PROF. JOHN S. HART. 

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IK ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 

Its contents are entirely original. Among the contributors are names well known in the republic 

of letters ; such as Mr. Boker, Mr. Stoddard, Prof. Moffat, Edith May, Mrs. Sigourney, Caroline May, 

Mrs. Kinney, Mrs Butler, Mrs. Pease, Mrs. Swift, Mr. Van Bibber, Rev. Charles T. Brooks, Mrs. 

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Carey, Phebe Carey, Augusta Browne, Hamilton Browne, Caroline Eustis, Margaret Junkin, Maria 

J. B. Browne, Miss Starr. Mrs. Brotherson, Kate Campbell, <tc. 

(&tms from tjje $nmfc Mine; 

OR, HOLY THOUGHTS UPON SACRED SUBJECTS. 

BY CLERGYMEN OF THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 
EDITED BY THOMAS WYATT, A.M. 

In one volume, 12mo. 

WITH SEVEN BEAUTIFUL STEEL ENGRAVINGS. 

The contents of this work are chiefly by clergymen of the Episcopal Church. Among the con- 
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T. Bedell, M.'Cabe, Ogilsby, <kc The illustrations are rich and exquisitely wrought engravings upon 
the following subjects : — " Samuel before Eli," " Peter and John healing the Lame Man," "The 
Resurrection of Christ," "Joseph sold by his Brethren," "The Tables of the Law," "Christ's 
Agony in the Garden," and "The Flight into Egypt." These subjects, with many others in prose 
and verse, are ably treated throughout the work. 



ANCIENT CHRISTIANITY EXEMPLIFIED, 

In the Private, Domestic, Social, and Civil Life of the Primitive 

Christians, and in the Original Institutions, Offices, 

Ordinances, and Rites of the Church. 

BY REV. LYMAN COLEMAN, D.D. 

In one volume 8vo. Price $2 50. 



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LONZ POWERS; Or, The Regulators. 
A ROMANCE OF KENTUCKY. 

FOUNDED ON FACTS. 

B7 JAMES WEIR, ESQ. 

IN TWO VOLUMES. 

The scenes, characters, and incidents in these volumes have been copied from nature, and from 

real life. They are represented as takin? place at that period in the history of Kentucky, when 

the Indian, driven, after many a hard-fought field, from his favourite hunting-ground, was succeeded 

by a rude and unlettered population, interspersed with organized bands of desperadoes, scarcely 

less savage than the red men they had displaced. The author possesses a vigorous and gTaphic 

pen, and has produced a very interesting romance, which gives us a striking portrait of the times 

he describes. 

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BUSINESS; 

OR, HOW TO GET, SAVE, SPEND, GIVE, LEND, AND BEQUEATH MONEY: 

WITH AN INQUIRY INTO THE CHANCES OF SUCCESS AND CAUSES 

OF FAILURE IN BUSINESS. 

BY EDWIN T. FREEDLY. 

Also, Prize Essays, Statistics, Miscellanies, ami numerous private letters from successful and 

distinguished business men. 

1-nio., cloth. Price One Dollar. 

The object of this treatise is fourfold. First, the elevation of the business character, and to define 

clearly the limits within which it is not only proper but obligatory to get money. Secondly, to lay 

down the principles which must be observed to insure success, ;ind what must be avoided to escape 

failure. Thirdly, to give the mode of management in certain prominent pursuits adopted by the 

most successful, from which men in all kinds of business may derive profitable hints. Fourthly, to 

afford a work of solid interest to those who read without expectation of pecuniary benefit. 

A MANUAL OF POLITENESS, 

COMPRISING THE 

PRINCIPLES OF ETIQUETTE AND RULES OF BEHAVIOUR 

EN GENTEEL SOCIETY, FOR PERSONS OF BOTH SEXES. 

18mo., with Plates. 



Book of Politeness. 



THE GENTLEMAN AND LADY'S 
BOOK OF POLITENESS AND PROPRIETY OF DEPORTMENT. 

DEDICATED TO THE YOUTH OF BOTH SEXES. 

BY MADAME CELNART. 

Translated from the Sixth Paris Edition, Enlarged and Improved. 

Fifth American Edition* 

One volume, 18mo. 

THE ANTEDILUVIANS; Or, The World Destroyed. 

A NARRATIVE POEM, IN TEN BOOKS. 

BY JAMES M 'HENRY, M.D. 

One volume, 18mo. 

_____ 



_f 



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Bennett's (Rev. John) Letters to a Young Lady, 

ON A VARIETY OF SUBJECTS CALCULATED TO IMPROVE THE HEART, 
TO FORM THE MANNERS, AND ENLIGHTEN THE UNDERSTANDING. 

"That our daughters may be as polished corners of the temple." 
The publishers sincerely hope (for the happiness of mankind) that a copy of this valuable little 
work will be found the companion of every young lady, as much of the happiness of every family 
depends on the proper cultivation of the female mind. 

THE DAUGHTER'S OWN BOOK: 

OR, PRACTICAL HINTS FROM A FATHER TO HIS DAUGHTER. 

One volume, 18mo. 

This is one of the most practical and truly valuable treatises on the culture and discipline of the 
female mind, which has liilherto been published in this country ; and the publishers are very confi- 
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library of every young lady. 



THE AMERICAN CHESTERFIELD! 

Or, "Youth's Guide to the Way to Wealth, Honour, and Distinction/' k. 18mo. 

CONTAINING! ALSO A COMPLETE TREATISE ON THE ART OF CARVING. 

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country. It cannot be too highly appreciated, nor its perusal be unproductive of satisfaction and 

usefulness." 

SENECA'S MORALS. 

BY WAY OF ABSTRACT TO WHICH IS ADDED, A DISCOURSE UNDER 
THE TITLE OF AN AFTERTHOUGHT. 

BY SIR ROGER L'ESTRANGE, KNT. 

A new, line edition; one volume, 18mo. 
A copy of this valuable little work should be found in every family library. 



NEW SONG-BOOK. 



(6rtgg-0 loiitljrrn nnb Vdislun longer; 

BEING A CHOICE COLLECTION OF THE MOST FASHIONABLE SONGS, MANY OF WHICH 
ARE ORIGINAL 

In one volume, 18mo. 

Great care was taken, in the selection, to admit no long that contained, in the slightest desree, 
any indelicate or improper allusions; and with great propriety it may claim the title of " The Far- 
lour Song-Book, or Songster." The immortal Shakspeure observes — 
"The man that hath not musK in himself, 
fcur is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, 
Is fit for treasons, stralaaems, and spoils." 

ROBOTIIAM'S POCKET FRENCH DICTIONARY, 

CAREFULLY REVISED, 

AND THE PRONUNCIATION OF ALL THE DITFICULT WORDS ADDED. 

20 



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THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF TRISTRAM SHANDY, GENTLEMAN. 

COMPRISING THE HCMOROCS ADVENTURES OP 

UNCLE TOBY AxND CORPORAL TRIM. 

BY Im. STERNE. 
Beautifully Illustrated toy Barley. Stitched. 

A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY. 

BY L. STERNE. 

Illustrated as above l>y Darley. Stitched. 

The beauties of this author are so well known, and his errors in style and expression so few and 
far between, that one reads with renewed delight his delicate turns, Sec. 

THE LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON, 

WITH A LIKENESS OF THE OLD HERO. 
One volume, 18mo. 

LIFE OF PAUL JONES. 

In one volume, 12mo. 
WITH ONE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS. 

BY JAMES HAMILTON. 
The work is compiled from his original journals and correspondence, and includes an account of 
his services in the American Revolution, and in the war between the Russians and Turks in the 
Black Sea. There is scarcely any Naval Hero, of any age. who combined in his character so much 
of the adventurous, skilful and danng.as Paul Jones. The incidents of his life are almost as start- 
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fight between the Bon Homme Richard and Serapis, the most desperate naval action on record 

and the alarm into which, with so small a force, he threw the coasts of England and Scotland — are 
matters comparatively well known to Americans; but the incidents of his subsequent career have 
been veiled in obscurity, which is dissipated by this biography. A book like this, narrating the 
actions of such a man, ought to meet with an extensive sale, and become as popular us Robinson 
Crusoe in fiction, or Weems's Life of Marion ami Washington, and similar books, in fact. It con- 
tains 400 pages, has a handsome portrait and medallion likeness of Jones, and is illustrated with 
numerous original wood engravings of naval scenes and distmguished men with whom he was 
familiar. 

THE GREEK EXILE; 

Or, A Narrative of the Captivity and Escape of Christopkus Plato Castanis, 

DURING THE MASSACRE ON THE ISLAND OF SCIO BY THE TURKS. 
TOGETHER WITH VARIOUS ADVENTURES IN GREECE AND AMERICA. 

WRITTEN BY HIMSELF, 

Author of an Essay on the Ancient and Modern Greek Languages ; Interpretation of the Attributes 

of the Principal Fabulous Deities ; The Jewish Maiden of Scio's Citadel; and 

the Greek Boy m the Sunday-SchooL 

One volume, 12mo. 

THE YOUNG CHORISTER; 

A Collection of New and Beautiful Tunes, adapted to the use of Sabbath-Schools, from some of the 
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EDITED BY MINARD W. WILSON. 
21 



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CAMP LIFE OF A VOLUNTEER. 

A Campaign in Mexico; Or, A Glimpse at Life in Camp. 

BY "ONE WHO HAS SEEN THE ELEPHANT." 



%\U of (Bnuml ^arjjan] (Smjlor, 

COMPRISING A NARRATIVE OF EVENTS CONNECTED WITH HIS PROFESSIONAL 
CAPvEER, AND AUTHENTIC INCIDENTS OF HIS EARLY YEAKS. 

BY J. REESE FRY AND R. T. CONRAD. 

With an original and accurate Portrait, and eleven elegant Illustrations, by Darley. 

In one handsome 12mo. volume. 

"■It is by far the fullest and most interesting biography of General Taylor that we have ever seen." 
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" The superiority of this edition over the ephemeral publications of the day consists in fuller and 
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correspondence." 

" It forms a cheap, substantial, and attractive volume, and one which should be read at the firs- 
side of every family who desire a faithful and true life of the Old General." 



GENERAL TAYLOR AND HIS STAFF! 

Comprising Memoirs of Generals Taylor, Worth, Wool, and Butler ; Cols. May, Cross, Clay, Hardin, 

Yell, Hays, and other distinguished Officers attached to General Taylor's 

Army. Interspersed with 

NUMEROUS ANECDOTES OF THE MEXICAN WAR, 

and Personal Adventures of the Officers. Compiled from Public Documents and Private Corre- 
spondence. With 

ACCURATE PORTRAITS, AND OTHER BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS. 
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GENERAL SCOTT AND HIS STAFF : 

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TOGETHER WITH 

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ACCURATE PORTRAITS, AND OTHER BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS. 

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THE FAMILY DENTIST, 

INCLUDING THE SURGICAL, MEDICAL AND MECHANICAL TREATMENT 

OF THE TEETH. 

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By CHARLES A. DU BOUCHET, M. D., Dental Surgeon. 

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MECHANICS FOR THE MILLWRIGHT, ENGINEER AND MACHINIST, 
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CONTAINING 

THE PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS APPLIED TO MACHINERY 

Of American models, Steam-Engines, Water-Works, Navigation, Bridge-building, SiC. &.C By 

FREDERICK OVERMAN, 
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Illustrated by 150 Engravings. In one large 12mo. volume. 

WILLIAMS'S TRAVELLER'S AND TOURIST'S GUIDE 

Through the United States, Canada, &c. 

This book will be found replete with information, not only to the traveller, but likewise to the 
man of business. In its preparation, an entirely new plan has been adopted, which, we are con- 
vinced, needs only a trial to be fully appreciated. 

Among its many valuable features, are tables showing at a glance the distance, fare, and time 
occupied in travelling from the principal cities to the most important places in the Union ; so that 
the question frequently asked, without obtaining a satisfactory reply, is here answered in full. 
Other tables show the distances from Ne w York, A.C. , to domestic and foreign ports, by sea; and 
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THE LEGISLATIVE GUIDE*. 

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THE INITIALS; A Story of Modern Life. 

THREE VOLUMES OF THE LONDON EDITION COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME 12MO. 
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Wherein the Exploits of Daniel Boone, the Great American Pioneer, are particularly described. 

Also, Minute Accounts of Bear. Deer, and Buffalo Hunts — Desperate Conflicts with the 

Savages — Fishing and Fowling Adventures — Encounters with Serpents, <tc. 

By Luke Shortf kld, Author of "The Western Merchant." 

BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED. One volume, 12mo, 

POEMS OF THE PLEASURES: 

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23 



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BALDWIN'S PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER. 



A PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER: 

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ANNA BISHOP'S TRAVELS. 

TRAVELS OF ANNA BISHOP IN MEXICO (1S49). 

WITH TWELVE BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Price, paper, 50 cents. Cloth, 75 cents. 
. _ = _ 



LIPPINCOTT, GllAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 



A REVIEW 



"NEW THEMES FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY." 

ONE VOLUME 12mo. 
Price, paper, 25 cents. Cloth, 50 cents. 

THE BIBLE IN THE COUNTING-HOUSE. 

BY H. A. BOAHDMAN, D. D., 

AUTHOR OP "THE BIBLE IN THE FA MIL Y." 
One toI. 12mo., cloth. Price One Dollar. 

AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A NEW CHURCHMAN. 

BY JOHN A. LITTLE. 

ONE VOLUME 12too. PRICE 75 CENTS. 

MILTON'S WORKS-NEW AND COMPLETE EDITION. 



Hilton** f^tital tBorb, 

WITH*A LIFE, DISSERTATION, INDEX, AND NOTES. 

BY PROF. C. D. CLEVELAND. 
* ONE VOLUME ROYAL 12mo., CLOTH. PRICE $1 24. 



UNIFORM AND DRESS 

OF THE 

ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

WITH COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS. 
QUARTO, CLOTH. PRICE FIVE DOLLARS. 

UNIFORM AND DRESS 

OF THE 

NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

WITH COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS. 
QUARTO, CLOTH. PRICE FIVE DOLLARS. 

3(3 



LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 

HINDS'S FARRIERY AND STUD- BOOK— NEW EDITION. 
FARRIERY, 

TAUGHT ON A NEW AND EASY PLAN: 

BEING 

% €mim on ijp Mmm unu totats of % Imn; 

With Instructions to the Shoeing: Smith, Farrier, and Groom ; preceded by a Popular Description of 
the Animal Functions in Health, and how these are to be restored when disordered. 

BY JOHN HINDS, VETERINARY SURGEON. 

With considerable Additions and Improvements, particularly adapted to this country, 

BY THOMAS M. SMITH, 

Veterinary Surgeon, and Member of the London Veterinary Medical Society. 

WITH A SUPPLEMENT, BY J. S. SKINNER. 

The publishers have received numerous flattering notices of the great practical value of these 

works. The distinguished editor of the American Farmer, speaking of them, observes:— "We 

cannot too highly recommend these books, and therefore advise every owner of a horse to obtain 

them." 

"There are receipts in those books that show how Founder may be cured, and the traveller pur- 
sue his journey the next day, by giving a tablespoonful of alum. This was got from Dr. P. Thornton, 
of Montpeher, Rappahannock county, Virginia, as founded on his own observation in several cases." 

" The constant demand for Mason's and Hinds's Farrier has induced the publishers, Messrs. Lip- 
pjncott, Grambo <fc Co., to put forth new editions, with a 'Supplement' of 100 pages, by J. S. Skinner, 
Esq. We should have sought to render an acceptable service to our agricultural readers, by giving 
a chapter from the Supplement, 'On the Relations between Man and the Domestic Animals, espe- 
cially the Horse, and the Obligations they impose ;' or the one on 'The Form of Animals;' but that 
either one of them would overrun the space here allotted to such subjects." 

" Lists of Medicines, and other articles which ought to be at hand about everv training and livery 
stable, and every Farmer's and Breeder's establishment, will be found in these" valuable works." 



TO CARPENTERS AND MECHANICS, 

Just Published. 



A NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION OP 

THE CARPENTER'S NEW GUIDE, 

BEING A COMPLETE BOOK OF LINES FOR 

CARPENTRY AND JOINERY; 

Treating fully on Practical Geometry, Saffit's Brick and Plaster Groins, Niches of every description, 

Sky-lights, Lines for Roofs and Domes : with a great variety of Designs for Roofs, 

Trussed Girders, Floors, Domes, Bridges, ic, Angle Bars for Shop 

Fronts, etc., and Raking Mouldings. 

ALSO, 

Additional Plans for various Stair-Cases, with the Lines for producing the Face and Falling Moulds, 
never before published, and greatly superior to those given in a former edition of this work. 

BY WILLIAM JOHNSON, ARCHITECT, 

OF PHILADELPHIA. 
The whole founded on true Geometrical Principles; the Theory and Practice well explained and 
fully exemplified, on eighty-three Copper plates, including some Observations and Calculations on 
the Strength of Timber. 

BY PETER NICHOLSON, 

Author of "The Carpenter and Joiner's Assistant," "The Student's Instructor to the Five 
Orders," <kc. 

Thirteenth Edition. One volume, 4to., well bound. 
14 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



rj™ra 



LXJ'J 
u 



C. B. ROCERb, 



000 895 013 1 



SEED AND AGRICULTURAL WAREHOUSE, 

NO. 29 MARKET STREET, NORTH SIDE, 

PflBH,A»EI.PIIIA. 

Whore he has constantly on hand, and manufacturing for sale at the lowest 
market prices for cash, all the most approved 

AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 




PLOUGHS. 

Among which are Rogers's Cast Steel, Extending Point, Self-Sharpening 
Ploughs; Rogers's Cast Steel, Extending Point, Subsoil and Under Drain 
Plough; Ruggles, Nourse, & Mason's Eagle Ploughs ; with many other cele- 
brated makers. 

Also, Improved STALK AND STRAW AND VEGETABLE CUTTERS 
of various patterns, for horse and hand power. 

Allen's, McCormick's, Ketchum's, Manny's, BarrelFs Mowing and Reaping 
Machines. 

AGRICULTURAL FURNACE AND STEAMER, 

For Steaming Food for Stock, by which one-third the cost of fattening Hogs is 

saved. 

HORSE-POWER CORN-SHELLERS, 

Warranted to shell 150 bushels of Corn per hour. Also, Hand Shellers of 
various sizes and patterns ; Horse, Hand, and Garden Rakes ; Wheat and Corn 
Drill Cultivators ; Fan and Sugar, and Corn Mills; L T nder Drain Pipe and Tile ; 
Chain and Lift Pumps; Hydraulic Rams; Tin, Lead, and Iron Pipe. 

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL SHADE-TREES. 

Professor MACES' Superphosphate of Lime, Salt Soda. 

GUANO, BONE-DUST, POUDRETTE, and all other Chemical Fertilizers. 

GRASS AND GARDEN SEEDS, 

Such as Red and White (Mover, Timothy, Herd, Orchard, Lucerne, and Rave 
Grasses; Canary, Hemp, and Millet Seeds; Imported and American Garden 
Seeds of his own raising, warranted to be as represented. 

50 O'M) Fruit and Ornamental Trees packed to order for any part of the United 
States. 

$3^ Iron Castings of ever}' description made to order at short notice. 



c 3r]EJig= 



